malunggay leaves as shampoo - 1224 Words

Republic of the Philippines Department of Education Region IV-B MIMAROPA Puerto Princesa City National Science High School City of Puerto Princesa â€Å" MALUNGGAY LEAVES AS SHAMPOO† A Project Proposal in Partial Fulfillment in the subject Elective Science IV Antonieta C. Miguel Adviser Eden E. Gutierrez The researcher 2011-2012 Background of the Study This research is entitled â€Å"Malunggay leaves as Shampoo† this research is all about using malunggay leaves as shampoo. Malunggay leaves once considered a poor man’s vegetables but now it is known as a miracle tree or natures medicine cabinet by scientists and health care workers from around the world because it is loaded with vitamins†¦show more content†¦Studies in the Philippines and many other countries have shown that malunggay is nature’s â€Å"medicine† cabinet, with all the parts of the tree, besides the leaves, having medicinal or therapeutic value. Dr. Alice Ilaga, director of the Biotechnology Program of the Department of Agriculture (DA), has been calling malunggay a â€Å"backyard pharmacy.† The leaves and flowers of malunggay are ideal for breastfeeding mothers and for malnourished children and the elderly. Using the leaves can also help in the treatment of headaches, bleeding from a shallow cut or w ound, insect bites, bacterial or fungal skin complaints, gastric ulcers and diarrhea. The pods are useful in the treatment for worm, liver and spleen problems, and joint pains. The word shampoo in English is derived from Hindi chÄ mpo (à ¤Å¡Ã  ¤ ¾Ã  ¤ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¥â€¹ [tÊÆ'à £Ã‹ poË ]),[1] and dates to 1762. The Hindi word referred to head massage, usually with some form of hair oil. Similar words also occur in other North Indian languages. The word and the service of head massage were introduced to Britain by a Bengali entrepreneur named Sake Dean Mahomed. Dean Mahomed introduced the practice to Basil Cochrane s vapour baths while working there in London in the early 19th century, and later, together with his Irish wife, opened Mahomed s Steam and Vapour Sea Water Medicated Baths in Brighton, England. His baths were like Turkish baths where clientsShow MoreRelatedMalunggay Extract as an Ingredient in Making Toothpaste2467 Words   |  10 PagesMALUNGGAY EXTRACT AS AN INGREDIENT FOR TOOTHPASTE An Investigatory Project Presented to The Chemistry Department In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for Chemistry By Abdul Khalid D. Alonto Miguel R. Erfe Stacey Denise A. Guangco Henneylo Socorro I. Ubalde 2013 The Investigatory Project entitled: MALUNGGAY EXTRACT AS AN INGREDIENT FOR TOOTHPASTE Submitted by Abdul Khalid D. Alonto, Miguel R

Is It Real Or Is - 1300 Words

Is It Real or is it Fake? That is the Question (Favorite Sonnet) What is love? Is love a feeling that you get when you see someone? Is love a pitter-patter that you get in your chest when the person you are head over heels for walks into the room? Is love the breath being sucked out of your lungs and your heart skipping a beat or five hundred when your significant other walks into the room and looks you dead in the eye? But, love could not even be a feeling, and it could actually be a choice. Maybe people don’t actually fall in love. Maybe they choose to love someone. Yet, not just anyone. That’s a hard question to answer. But another hard question to answer is what love is. It’s easy to define what love is not. Oddly enough, Shakespeare is able to answer both of these questions in fourteen lines with iambic pentameter with a perfect rhyme scheme. It’s amazing. He does this in Sonnet 116. This was my favorite poem because it stated that love is perfect and unchanging, it doesn’t end with death, and because it is not susceptible to time itself. First, I really loved this sonnet because it described how love is perfect and unchanging. That is a wonderful thought. The fact that love can actually be perfect in a world of imperfect things is astonishing. There really is no perfect things in this world, and to have one solid thing makes live worth living in a sense. I have always believed that you cannot fully love unless you have God in your heart and in your relationship.Show MoreRelatedGod Is Real Or Not Real846 Words   |  4 Pagesunderstanding the nature of God and whether God is real or not real is for the most part innate. I have dwindled it down to two types of people in my world, people who believe in God and who do not believe in God. Most of my childhood growing up, I believed in a creator of the world, but as I grew up and began to understand more about science as well as reasoning, I walked a fine line between what I was taught to believe and what I thought was re al. My family began to drift away from God, as did IRead MoreLegend Of The Sasquatch, Are They Real, Or Not Real?1185 Words   |  5 Pages Sasquatch V. Yeti, Are They Real, Or Not Real? The Sasquatch and the Yeti, mythical ape-like beasts are extremely popular legends in the U.S.A. and Nepal as early as the 1800’s. Many people do not believe in them, often dismissing them as hoaxes, but for those who do believe in them, they are both feared and respected. If they do exist, the creatures have defined muscles and are incredibly strong, and are able to elude the camera as well. Michael Johnson, someone very involvedRead MoreIs It Real?1433 Words   |  6 Pageshis surroundings; â€Å"is it real†¦?† (Atwood 269) became a reoccurring theme. Over a game of virtual chess one day Jimmy asked, â€Å"why don’t we use a real set, the old kind with plastic men?† To which crake later responded, â€Å"the real set is in your head.† (Atwood, 93) These seemingly unimportant debates among friends, proved to be a small part of the problems apparent in our modern society. Atwood has drawn to attention the idea that the world in which we live is no longer real, and developed it as theRead MoreReal1707 Words   |  7 PagesCHAPTER 1 ATTITUDINAL HAZARD (MORALE): Carelessness to a loss CHANCE OF LOSS: Probability that an event will occur DIRECT LOSS: Financial loss from physical damage, destruction, or theft DIVERSIFIABLE RISK: Affects individual or small groups (can be reduced or eliminated) ENTERPRISE RISK: All major risks faced by business firms STRATEGIC RISK: Uncertainty regarding firms financial goals OPERATIONAL RISK: Firms operation results FINANCIAL RISK: Uncertainty of loss due to adverse changes Read MoreGod Is Real : Is God Real?2173 Words   |  9 PagesRJ Longstreet Dr. DePoe PHIL 312 30 November 2015 God is Real The question â€Å"Is God real?† has been speculated for years and years. It is one of the main questions that is still being asked in today’s world, with movies, music and media surrounding it. The popular movies that have recently been released such as â€Å"God’s Not Dead† and â€Å"Heaven is for Real,† are perfect examples of this, with millions going to see them, and supporting the assumption that there is a God and place called Heaven. MillionsRead MoreThe Real Revolution Essay1313 Words   |  6 PagesThe Real Revolution As Americans, we as a society often glorify the past, ignoring facts that counteract our bias. The American Revolution is the literally the war that made America. As a child, I experienced this bias and one-sided view of The Revolution first hand. It wasn’t until my freshman year of college when the truth of the revolution was revealed by my History Professor. His countless years of study and actual journals from the figures we teach kids to idolize, showed myself and fellow classmatesRead MoreReal Earnings Management : Real Profit Management953 Words   |  4 Pagesuse another discretionary technique commonly known as real earnings management. Gunny (2005) mentions that real earnings management arises when directors prioritise earnings figure over the conventional method of accounting to alter this figure in their favour. Real earnings management is relatively different as compared to accruals based earnings management due to the ‘direct cash flow effect’. Based on Roychowdhury (2006), an example of real earnings manipulation takes place when a company reducesRead MoreReal Estate686 Words   |  3 PagesReal Estate Sector in India | | Last Updated: February  2013 | | | | IntroductionThe Indian economy has witnessed robust growth in the last few years and is expected to be one of the fastest growing economies in the coming years. Demand for commercial property is being driven by Indias economic growth.Real Estate sector is not only the biggest contributor to gross domestic product (GDP) of the country but is also the fourth largest sector in terms of foreign direct investment (FDI)Read MoreHeaven Is for Real787 Words   |  4 Pagesis for Real â€Å"I want them to know that heaven is for real.† -Colton Burpo Have you ever wondered what is beyond this world? Heaven is for Real by Todd Burpo is an incredible story that has a shocking plot, followed by interesting characters and an inspiring theme. A young boy emerges from a life-saving surgery with remarkable stories of his visit to heaven. This book is filled with unbelievable events and great twists that will make you not want to put the book down! Heaven is for Real is a trueRead More`` Heaven Is For Real ``933 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Heaven is for Real† is the story of a family who almost lost a son, but ended up getting a glimpse of Heaven. The Burpo family was having a difficult year. Todd, the father of the family, is the main wage earner. He is a pastor, a volunteer firefighter and he installs garage doors as a side business to supplement the church income. In one year he battled illness and a severe leg break. After he recovered, he and his wife decided to turn an church conference into a fun, family vacation. Right before

The Causes and Effects of Global Recession Free Essays

Here a definition a recession as well a global recession is mentioned. Some causes and effects has been listed. Due to recession occurring, I have identified the effects of recession based on Tesco. We will write a custom essay sample on The Causes and Effects of Global Recession or any similar topic only for you Order Now The causes and effects of global recession. Global financial crisis, increasing for a while, began to show its results in the mid of 2007 into 2008. Worldwide stock markets have subsided, financial institutions have dropped and governments in even the richest nations have had to develop packages to assist their financial organizations. Recession is defined as a slowdown of activities in the economy over a time.The major effect of recession is Inflation as well as currency crisis. A decrease in income may be another effect of recession in the economy. As persons try to save more, this reduces sales therefore there is a result of no profits. Another effect may be increase in mortgage rates. At the time of recession, lenders tend to increase rate in order to cover their losses. While in recession employment occasions are reduced since companies tend to cut down on these opportunities thus leading to unemployment in the economy. Countries around the world are being driven into recession as the economic downturn deteriorates.In Europe, Germany, Italy, Ireland and Denmark they have all suffered two consecutive quarters of economic decline the first is the technical definition of a recession and secondly it was already present before. Japan joined the list as it surprised economists and reduced in size in the ending of the year. The UK economy shrank in the third quarter of 2008, and is expected to contract through most of 2009. Many are expecting a new world order with economic power shifting to countries in the east who are better placed to weather the downturn.However, developing economies rely on the west to buy their goods, so recessions in the US and UK will also hurt them. This was according to http://www. guardian. co. uk/business/interactive/2008/oct/08/recession. creditcrunch The effects of recession may be seen as bankruptcies, deflation, a reduction in sales, crash in the stock market and most importantly unemployment. Causes of global recession may be because of the sub-prime lending crisis and rising of oil prices. The main effects of recession are a decrease in profitability, decline in the stock market and difficulty in borrowing.The financial crisis from 2007 to present is a result of the banking system in the United States. This has resulted in the disintegration of financial institutions, bailout of bank by national governments and slumps in stock markets worldwide. In various areas, housing markets has also suffered. Although the credit crunch in the US was costing America and Europe immense job losses, financial professionals were influenced that Africa will NOT BE unharmed by the global financial crisis because of where it is located. The impact of the US credit crunch on Africa was narrow as a result of the restrictions of ownership.Due to the lack of trade finance is causing stockpiles to build up at Southern Africa’s coal port, because of this, coal trade has fallen drastically. Africa was unharmed for some time. Nevertheless, when the recession strengthened in the First World, the effects were being felt. According to reports people working in the construction, automotive, tourism, finance, services and real estate sectors will be mostly affected during these hard times. Africa’s export and import industries have changed due to the credit crunch in the US.Africa depends heavily on exports of its raw commodities such as oil and coal, and since the US credit crunch the countries that purchases Africa’s exports have been unable to retrieve credit. This has caused a great fall in exports and consecutively resulted in deceased prices. Credit crunch meaning a scarcity of money, declining house prices which is related to a lack of mortgages and credit crunch and cost push inflation resulting in decreased income are some factors that push an economy into recession. A decrease in world GDP occurred in many countries, specifically in developing countries.Imports have also declined significantly in importing countries. This was obvious in countries such as China, Taiwan, Mexico, Egypt and Russia. it was stated that GDP fell to 3. 8% in the U. S. The impact of recession on employment may not be felt for some time. Investigation in Britain shows that low-skilled, low-educated workers and the immature are in a weak position to unemployment in a downturn. It took Britain five years for unemployment to go back to its initial levels. From 2000 to 2003, the Federal Reserve lowered their target rates. They then raised the funds rate significantly between July 2004 and July 2006.This added to an increase in number of years to the adjustable-rate mortgage rates and made it more expensive for homeowners. As a result, this may have also contributed to the deflating of the housing bubble. Gross Domestic Product declined at an in the last two years in the United States. When GDP collapses, economic growth will also plunge. This is as a result of fewer goods being manufactured and therefore the rate of exports will reduce. It is said that when exports decrease, it will not have sufficient funds to accommodate any growth in the economy what so ever.As a result in the decline in GDP, employment rate will sooner or later begin to drop. As a result of the credit crunch, consumers have less purchasing power therefore they are consuming a lot less. Due to this, employers are making a minor profit and as a result they are not capable to pay their workers. Now, because of this they tend to start to cut down on their staff members. The employment rate in the U. K. for a period of three months was recorded as the lowest since many years aback. The number of people employed that was unemployed was unimaginable although there were a number of job vacancies.This then eventually increased to new heights. These increases were mostly due to the industrial sectors. In the US, a rumble in the housing segment was driving the economy to new heights. This is a combination of little interest rates and hefty inflows of overseas funds helped to create easy credit situation where it became a lot easier for people to get loans. As more people are able to obtain loans, the demand for houses increased as well as the price for the house. The main aim of most lending institutions and credit firms was to give loans to scores of potential customers as possible.Inspecting the customer’s repaying capacity was overlooked in lots of cases. As a consequence, many people with a low level income as well as bad credit record category were given housing loans in disregard to all theories of financial caution. This type of loan was considered to be sub-prime loans as the repaying of the loan was doubtful. In the age of globalization, no country can remain detached from the variations of global economy. Intense failures suffered by major International Banks will affect all countries of the world.As of now India is facing heat since their market shares are declining daily, their money is declining against money and their banks are facing brutal crash crunch resulting in scarcity of liquidity in the market. A global depression is most likely to be a consequence in the fall in demand of all types of consumer goods. As a result, in 2007-08, India sold a smaller number of goods to overseas consumers. A fall in demand is likely to affect the growth rate as well as export rates. The global downturn continues to have intense impacts for developing countries.Australia is dedicated to responding efficiently to this crisis and civilizing the elasticity of countries and their ability to handle shocks in the mare future. Australia responded to this recession by the prevention of poverty reduction and sustaining programs that generate employment and re-establish economic growth. During 2008 and 2009 the global economy was shaken by towering food and fuel prices. Global economic growth deteriorated in the year 2009. The crisis also produced a significant change in the situation of expanding countries. Economic growth in developing countries in 2009 dramatically decreased compared to that in 2007.Declines in foreign direct investment, export revenue and payments have slow down economic growth and employment in developing countries. There is development towards plummeting poverty and hunger. Extensive job losses in rural areas, export-oriented sectors has enlarged unemployment and impelled more workers into low-income careers. This impact has been a result of recession. Although Japan has not suffered from a housing crumple or toxic assets, its financial system has been hit rigid by the crisis than the US or EU. Japan’s reduction is as a result in the fall in external demand.THE EFFECT OF THE CRISIS ON TESCO Here http://www. corporatewatch. org. uk/? lid=252#sum stated that Tesco, known as Britian’s leading as well as most beneficial supermarket is located in China. As in the current years, Tesco and its biggest rivals have faced disparagement for mistreating their position as a monopoly and adding to some of the main internal and external problems outbreak in society today. Some of these include replacing small farmers with industrial monoculture agricultural estate whereby the wages ahead are lower and their labor privileges. As time went by Tesco took over the leading position.In 1995 Tesco was the largest supermarket and became the leader a few years after. This was foreseen as an achievement. In the year 2000, Tesco successfully launched a website. In 2001, customer satisfaction was taken into consideration as in various stores, enhancement services was implemented. Tesco became the primary merchant in the UK. They also reached to new heights. The entry to Malaysia was made in the upcoming year. As all firms do, they offered speciality products which were made for diabetic customers. The business began storing electronic products of all types, as well as furniture in its stores.During this same year the company then further introduced garments mainly in its UK stores giving customers a wider range of products. As years went by Tesco made entries to various countries. Entry was made into China. This time where their product was launched they developed and promoted their products. The website which was launched was available to download music as well. In the year 2005 the existence in Taiwan’s was done. As the years went by Tesco progressed and developed slowly. After a sum of three years, plans were made to establish a new business to be made available in India.According to market studies in 2004, Tesco’s gap was sealing. It was known as the fourth major supermarket in the world existing presently. It is said that Tesco operates countless stores in various countries around the world and employees more than hundreds or persons. They used their knowledge to compete against Wal-Mart as by lowering prices so customers would turn to them instead, their increasing sales and consumer awareness and needs. Tesco is known that the major aim of a firm is to maximize profits. However, it is the belief of many that the firm cannot achieve its full potential if it cannot achieve its full growth potential.Therefore in this case Marris’s theory does not make any economic sense. For a firm to be able to maximize shareholders and managers wealth, it must be able to grow and advance enough. Also, since the aim of the modern economic world is globalization, if a firm cannot meet its fullest potential it can be highly compatible with the global market and a wider variety of preferences for trade and investment. According to http://www. dailymail. co. uk/news/article-1172251/Prices-profits-Tesco-puts-success-discounts–shoppers-pay-staple-goods. html sales progress at Tesco has plit fifty-fifty due to Britain’s major retailer loses patrons to financial plan competitors, together with the thriving German discounters. Although the value of sales through Tesco’s stores in UK showed a twelve-monthly growth of 2% within the past three months, it was its worst figure in a long time. The business has react d by establishing a modern recent discount choice, which is bringing inhabitants through the doors nevertheless delivering inferior sales values and profit margins. Tesco had a huge lost from customers due to them switching to Asda while Aldi and Morrisons made a reasonable profit.This was due to switching of customer loyalties. Figures proved that Tesco’s leading grocery competitors are doing far more damage to it than formerly deliberated. Tesco insisted that its recently launched brand was to blame for knocking a few percentages of UK sales figures. Selling experts suggested as a result of the values, Tesco is fighting a wrong battle. They should be more concerned about their customers’ preference and not their competitors. It was reported that Tesco is pleased with progress being done but at the same time they are pragmatic about the climate in the economy a present and the twist it is putting on the customers. The director of Tesco stated that the growth of sales in UK was the slowest since the recession in the early 1990s. Although deflation in a business causes losses it is a good decision since customers respond to it. As of the expansion of the business in the US, there is a halt. http://www. tescoplc. com/annualreport09/financialstatements/summary_financial_statement/summary_group_income_statement/ Stated that VAT increased and that exchange rates as well as sales increased. It stated a reduction of inflation and growth rate which impacted on an increase in sales due to customers trying to save their salary. Due to these trends, Tesco took advantage of it by slicing their prices and making products more affordable. With the increase in productivity and proper expense management the result of this there was a growth in profits despite the challenges. This website http://industry. bnet. com/retail/10001528/recessions-impact-on-fresh-easy-drags-down-tesco-results/ stated that in the financial year ending February, Tesco lost a huge amount of money in pounds. After bookkeeping for the exchange rates it was shown that an unbelievable amount was due to this.It then was forecasted that an enormous loss occurred in the US. Also it was said that the total sales amounted to 208 million pounds, due to stores having an advantage because of a sale. As stated according to http://www. bbc. co. uk/blogs/thereporters/robertpeston/2010/01/tesco_and_recessions_end. html Britain’s largest merchant benefited from an unexpected growth. Sales in the UK rose a remarkable 8. 3% – and 4. 9% per unit of selling space, adjusted for the VAT changes and excluding petrol. This was Tesco’s best performance for three years. It seemed as doe recession did not have any impact on Tesco.As prices goes up it is stated that other stores are raising their prices. By supporting the credit crunch, this may be as a result of elevated numbers of unemployment. As one of the largest and fastest growing merchants more jobs will be accessible with TESCO therefore helping to trim down the levels of unemployment. A PESTLE analysis is therefore useful in order to keeping TESCO up to date with their environmental surroundings for example by identifying in advance that route to which they are heading for a recession would have helped them to plan in advance. This was stated according to http://www. odelanswer. co. uk/business/help/pestle/tescos. php. it also stated that a PESTLE analysis is essential to the development and the success of TESCO’s also including the day to day management of each store in line with strategic decisions. By lack of knowledge of what external factors affect the organisation, it is complex to control the business in a well-organized manner. http://www. independent. co. uk/news/business/analysis-and-features/recession-slows-the-tesco-juggernaut-1048858. html states that the biggest retailer, in UK had a huge downturn of sale due to recession.However, Tesco is being battered by brutal competition from rivals, Asda, Morrisons and Aldi, which are apparent to be stronger on price. Thus far, the government’s reaction is mainly heavily dependent on measures agreed to before the crisis began. Negotiating a framework for a unified response by business, government and trade unions, with an emphasis on avoiding, where possible, retrenchments. Interest rate cuts. Proceeding with a three-year infrastructure investment programme. Proceeding with an expanded public-works programme was stated according to http://www. amandlapublishers. co. a/home-menu-item/156-the-impact-of-the-global-recession-on-south-africa. In accordance to http://www. bloomberg. com/apps/news? pid=conewsstorytkr=TSCO:LNsid=aB2XzUDCyYSQ. It stated that across all parts of their strategy – UK, International, Non-food, Services, businesses are now physically powerful than it was before the recession. Various procedures, developed market shares, strategic performance and a strong organic development programme, were done to accomplish profitable growth. In the United States, Fresh Easy has been making tremendous progress, despite lengthened weakness in the economies. Customers are now appreciating the range of fresh food being prepared and the friendly services offered. As of the new businesses, we are become accustom and cultivating feedback. With the upgrading development to our range implemented and with the number of growing stores, which was launched at media campaigns – in is said to offer both high quality and low prices. With a combination of increased customer awareness and the improvements we have made in the store helped to drive stronger positive sales growth throughout the year. As a result of assistance from the government, there was much of no assistance.They insisted that retailers would benefit only from a re-evaluation of business rates as they have been negatively affected by tumbling property values. He also suggested that a cut in the Uniform Business Rate multiplier should be done to avoid businesses suffering rate increases in a recession. The multiplier is reviewed annually and goes up in line with inflation. It was also disclosed that business rates should be reviewed since they do not reflect the changing nature of businesses in which the value ofproperty is no longer profitability as stated according to http://findarticles. om/p/articles/mi_7996/is_2008_Nov_12/ai_n39096759/. CONCLUSION In closing global recession has a huge impact on businesses. As a result Tesco was one of the companies affected by the recession.REFERENCE WEBSITES Tesco. com Tecso’s History [Online] Available at: http://www. tescoplc. com/plc/about_us/tesco_story/ [Accessed on 28th April, 2010] About Tesco [Online] Available at: http://www. cn. tesco. com/en/aboutus/aboutus_history. htm [Accessed on 28th April, 2010] Tesco’s weekly sales growth [Online] Available at: http://www. freshplaza. com/news_detail. sp? id=62193 [Accessed on 28th April, 2010] Government assistance towards Tesco [Online] Available at: http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_7996/is_2008_Nov_12/ai_n39096759/ [Accessed on 1st May, 2010] Tesco Plc [Online] Available at: http://www. bloomberg. com/apps/news? pid=conewsstorytkr=TSCO:LNsid=aB2XzUDCyYSQ [Accessed on 1st May, 2010] The impact of global recession [Online] Available at: http://www. amandlapublishers. co. za/home-menu-item/156-the-impact-of-the-global-recession-on-south-africa [Accessed on 1st May, 2010] Tesco’s recession [Online] How to cite The Causes and Effects of Global Recession, Papers

Economic for Business

Question: Discussthe causes and the effects of the sluggish productivity growth in Singapore and its impact on the gross domestic product. Answer: Introduction The current study elucidates in detail the causes and the effects of the sluggish productivity growth in Singapore and its impact on the gross domestic product. The present study critically evaluates the scenario presented in the article with the help of the economic concepts of Aggregate demand (AD) and Aggregate Supply (AS). The study draws special reference to the economic concepts of the aggregate demand and the aggregate supply model (AD-AS model) to analyse the economic situation presented in the article on the sluggish rate of productivity of Singapore. Application of Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply Model As rightly put forward by Abel, Bernanke and Croushore (2011), the aggregate demand as well as the aggregate supply model that is simply referred to as the AD-AS model is primarily used to illustrate the fluctuations in the level of output , level of price as well as the level of inflation in a particular economy. In particular, the aggregate demand curve mainly depicts the total amount of output of different goods as well as services that all the households, corporations as well as governments are willing to purchase at different levels of price (Chakraborty 2010). Therefore, it can be said that the aggregate demand curve presents the combinations of different levels of price as well as the aggregate output where the goods markets is in equilibrium with the money market. Chakraborty (2010) opine that aggregate supply curve presents the total quantity of goods as well as services that the firms of an economy produces and at the same time supplies at a certain given level of price. Figure 1: AD -AS model (Source: Colander 2010) Figure 1 above presents the aggregate demand and the aggregate supply curve where real GDP is measured along and the price level along the vertical axis. The aggregate demand curve is represented by the downward sloping curve named AD and the aggregate supply curve is represented by the curve named AS. The AS curve remains horizontally flat for certain part of its entire length and past certain points become upward sloping (Colander 2010). The considerably flat position reflects the non-inflationary zone while the upward sloping region represents the inflationary section (Repository.neelain.edu.sd 2016). Effects of decrease in productivity The article mentions that the market research analysts of Nomura has put forward the fact the restructuring drive of Singapore has failed to lift the productivity growth of the economy of Singapore. This has further dampened all the prospects of growth of the economy and has shrunk to 3.8%. As mentioned in the article, the decrease in productivity will shift the aggregate supply curve towards left with the obvious implications of lack of technological improvement, inadequate level of research and development in addition to other things that tend to decrease the productivity. This in turn lowers the standard of living of the people of the economy as is enumerated by the level of real national output and at the same time works in favour of the inflationary pressures (Colander 2010). The decrease in productivity will cause lower demand for workers and will lead to unemployment. The fall in the wages of the employees will lead to lower levels of consumption and direct the way for decreas e in demand for the goods and the services produced by the economy and the overall decline in the real GDP (Dornbusch, Fischer and Startz 2014). Figure 2: Effect of decrease in productivity (Source: Feenstra and Taylor 2012) Effects of the tightening economic conditions In addition to this, the article also mentions that the analysts such as the Euben Paracuelles is of the view that due to lack of restructuring the productivity is not likely to rise due to fall in global economic growth, ageing population as well as tightening financial conditions at the time of US interest rate hiking cycle. As is correctly mentioned in the article this situation will lead to debt servicing problems due to the fact that the households of the economy already have high levels of the debt. Again, in addition to the Fed tightening decline in the domestic rate of interest will also lead to further decline in the real GDP and lower the productivity of the economy (Feenstra and Taylor 2012). The tightening economic conditions imply the course of action directed at constricting the total amount of spending in a particular economy (Feenstra and Taylor 2012). The money tightening policy will raise the short term rate of interest that in turn will increase the cost of borrowing and effectually reduce the attractiveness (Hubbard, O'Brien and Sharma 2012). Therefore, the higher rate of interest can have several economic implications that include the increase in the cost of borrowing. The increase in cost of borrowing will thereby discourage people from the act of borrowing and people will possess less amount of disposable income as they will expend more on payments of interests (Colander 2010). This in turn led to fall in consumption. The rise in interest rate will also direct the way towards increase in mortgage interest payments, increase the overall incentive to save than to spend (Hubbard, O'Brien and Sharma 2012). Again, the economy of Singapore will likely experience the fall in both investment as well as consumption. Furthermore, the payment s for government debt interest rate will also increase that might lead to higher rates of tax in the future (Mankiw 2012). However, this tightening policy will certainly reduce the confidence as the interest rate has a negative effect on the consumers as well as overall confidence of the business that makes both the corporation as well as the consumers to withdraw all the risky investments in addition to purchases. Therefore, the higher rate of interest has the inclination to reduce the spending of the consumers as well as investments and in turn lead to the fall in the aggregate demand of the economy (Mankiw 2012). The fall in the aggregate demand will tend to lower rate of economic growth and further decline in the overall productivity and even recession (Mankiw and Taylor 2014). This may also lead to higher rate of employment. This is because the output will decline and the corporations will produce lesser amount of products as well as services and demand lesser number of labor forces (Mankiw and Taylor 2014). The effect of the rise in interest on the overall aggregate demand and supply can be explained by the diagram drawn below: Figure 3: Effect of the rise in interest on the overall aggregate demand and supply (Source: Mankiw and Taylor 2014) The above diagram reflects that the rise in rate of interest and its effect on the overall real GDP and the price level. The vertical axis measures the real GDP reflected by Y and the price level is presented through the vertical axis. The initial aggregate demand curve and the aggregate supply curve are represented by the AD1 and AS respectively. At the initial position the output and the price level is at Y1 and P1. However, with increase in the rate of interest the aggregate demand will fall with fall in consumption demand and will shift leftward to AD2 leading to fall in the real GDP to Y2 level at price level of P2. Concerns over leading to Recession The article also mentions that the sluggish productivity growth might also imply the restructuring efforts of Singapore cannot be completed even by the end of the decade and can lead to recession. This implies that the difference between the short run equilibrium GDP as well as the potential GDP will widen that essentially shall persist as at the short run equilibrium price level Po aggregate demand will not be adequate for the purpose of purchase of potential GDP level (Mankiw and Taylor 2014). Figure 4: Recessionary Gap (Source: Parkin 2012) As is presented in the diagram above the long run equilibrium occurs at the definite level of price at which the aggregate demand curve (AD) essentially intersects the long run aggregate supply curve (LAS) that is represented by the vertical at the point of potential level of GDP. Therefore, it can be hereby ascertained that the long run equilibrium occurs at the point where the real GDP also equates the potential level of GDP (McDonald 2012). However, the short run equilibrium occurs at the point of intersection of the short run aggregate supply curve (SAS o) and the aggregate demand curve (AD) that in turn determines the price level that is Po and the corresponding real GDP that is Yo. However, the potential GDP is less than the real GDP. The potential GDP corresponds to the full employment of the total amount of the labour with assumed given stock of capital and the state of the technological improvements (McDonald 2012). Therefore, the difference between the real GDP and the pote ntial GDP represents the recessionary gap in the short run with presence of cyclical unemployment (Parkin 2012). Concerns over stagflation In the present article Nomura also added that the decrease in level of productivity will lead to higher levels of employment of the workers in different unproductive areas and at the same time increase of employment of aged and less skilled workers. The other factors leading to the decline in the productivity are the rise in the costs in the midst of global economic slowdown leading to no lesser impetus for the corporations to invest in different productivity augmenting capital irrespective of different government policies (Williamson 2014). In addition to this, the small corporations struggle a lot to invest and thrive to survive at the time when the costs mount as soon as the restructuring started (Romer 2012). The increase in the cost of labour per unit might perhaps compel different firms to raise prices to restore the profit margin (Romer 2012). However, this also leads to the stagflation that is characterised by both inflation as well as recession at the same time (Macmillanlea rning.com 2016). The report presented by Nomura describes the concerns over stagflation that is regarded as the situation of both high inflation as well as low rate of growth. The situation of rise in the prices of labour with lower productivity levels in the Singaporean economy stems the concerns of stagflation. This can also take place in case of cost push inflation. Rossana (2011) opine that the cost push inflation can occur due to the overall increase in price of oils, increase in labour costs, and increased cost of restructuring. This economic situation thereby increases the costs of the operations of the corporations and consequently reduces the disposable income of the households (Rossana 2011). As a result there might be lower levels of growth amidst high levels of inflation. This economic condition can therefore invariably lead to the stagflation as presented in the diagram below. Figure 5: stagflation owing to the leftward shift of the present aggregate supply curve (Source: Rossana 2011) The figure drawn above presents the emergence of the stagflation owing to the leftward shift of the present aggregate supply curve. The concern over the stagflation of the economy of the Singapore can be explained by drawing reference to the concepts of aggregate demand and aggregate supply and the factors and the characteristics of the shifts of these two curves and its impact on the overall output of the economy. In the above figure, the initial aggregate demand and the supply curve is presented by the AD and the SAS o curve. However, owing to the rise in the resource cost per unit of the corporations, the aggregate supply curve shift leftward as is represented by the SAS 1 curve in the figure. With the aggregate demand curve AD remaining the same and the AS curve shifting leftward, from SAS o to SAS1, a new macroeconomic point of equilibrium is thereby established at the point of intersection of the SAS1 and the aggregate demand curve AD (Storm and Naastepad 2012). Therefore, the initial level of equilibrium was at the intersection at the SAS o and the AD at which the level of price was P o and the level of output was Y o. However, the new situation leads to the new equilibrium at which the equilibrium level of output is Y1 and the equilibrium price is P1. Therefore, this becomes evident that this macro economic situation leads to raise in the overall prices (from P o to P1) and the decline in the aggregate output (from Y o to Y1). Fiscal Policies As rightly indicated in the article, the fiscal policies can act as an important factor in promoting growth that can in turn boost the restructuring process of the economy. This implies increase in the fiscal costs and leads to the expectation of the acquiring fiscal surplus by means by imposing high rates of tax especially applicable for the upper income group (Rossana 2011). In this case, the fiscal policies essentially refers to the alteration of the level of taxation of the respective government in addition to government spending in a bid to control the aggregate the overall aggregate demand of the economy along with the level of different economic activities in Singapore. Williamson (2010) opine that aggregate demand is the sum total of the total planned expenditure incurred by an economy presented by the equation AD= C+I+G+X-M. As rightly mentioned by Williamson (2011), the intention and purpose of the fiscal policy is primarily to stimulate the overall economic growth as well as productivity mainly in a recessionary economic situation. The fiscal policies also have the intention to keep the rate of inflation in the economy at a low level and to stabilise the entire economy by avoiding both the boom as well as bust in the entire economic cycle. Deflationary Fiscal Policies In this case the government of Singapore might perhaps select the deflationary fiscal policy in order to create fiscal surpluses (Chakraborty 2010). Therefore, the tight fiscal stratagem will have the inclination to lead to an enhancement of the overall budget deficit of the government not by cutting the government spending but by increasing the taxes. This increase in taxes will direct the way towards the decline in the consumer spending and will also lead to the overall reduction on the aggregate demand curve (Econweb.tamu.edu 2016). Figure 6: Deflationary Fiscal Policies (Source: Chakraborty 2010) The figure presented above represents the effects of the deflationary fiscal policy of rise in the taxes on the overall real GDP of the economy. The aggregate demand and the aggregate supply curve is represented by the AD1 and the AS curve. The initial level of equilibrium is at the price level P1 and the output level Y1. The rise in the levels of the taxes leads to the decrease in the disposable income of the people and therefore leads to lower consumption demand directing the leftward shift of the aggregate demand curve AD along the aggregate supply curve AS (Chakraborty 2010). The new equilibrium is at the point where the equilibrium price level is at P2 and the equilibrium output level is at Y2. The figure reveals the fact the rise in the taxes has a negative impact on the overall aggregate output of the economy but lowers the prices. However regardless of the slow rate of growth of the GDP, the outlook for the Singaporean economy might not be miserable as more than 50% of the overall revenue of the corporations of the nation is acquired from international business and the level of growth as well as higher levels of productivity therefore might possibly offset the strain on the on the whole earnings. Conclusion In conclusion, it can be said that the restructuring process that requires fiscal costs can slowdown the growth but has the capacity of checking inflation as well. The changes in the level of productivity by way of restricting plans implies that the labour force will be capable of producing more number of units with the quantity of input remaining the same. For example, the bar code scanners seen in different retail outlets generally raise the potential of a labour to keep accounts of the stock, materials in the inventory as well as the store shelves. Therefore, the introduction of the system led to the decrease in the cost of sales that in turn affected the profits of the corporations positively and in that order the quantity supplied escalated. Therefore, the plan of restructuring of the Singaporean governing authority can lead to the rise in the productivity by means by increasing the profits of the producers causing shifts in the aggregate supply curve in the short run to shift t o the rightward direction. References Abel, A., Bernanke, B. and Croushore, D. (2011).Macroeconomics. Boston: Addison-Wesley. Chakraborty, S. (2010).Macroeconomics. Mumbai [India]: Himalaya Pub. House. Colander, D. (2010).Macroeconomics. Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Dornbusch, R., Fischer, S. and Startz, R. (2014).Macroeconomics. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education. Econweb.tamu.edu. (2016).Texas AM University - Department of Economics - Home. Feenstra, R. and Taylor, A. (2012).International macroeconomics. New York: Worth Publishers. Hubbard, R., O'Brien, A. and Sharma, A. (2012).Macroeconomics. Harlow: Pearson. Macmillanlearning.com. (2016).Macmillan Learning. Mankiw, N. (2012).Macroeconomics. New York: Worth. Mankiw, N. and Taylor, M. (2014).Macroeconomics. New York, NY: Worth Publ. McDonald, I. (2012).Behavioural macroeconomics. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Parkin, M. (2012).Macroeconomics. Harlow, England: Pearson Education. Repository.neelain.edu.sd. (2016). Romer, D. (2012).Advanced macroeconomics. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Rossana, R. (2011).Macroeconomics. New York, NY: Routledge. Storm, S. and Naastepad, C. (2012).Macroeconomics beyond the NAIRU. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. Williamson, S. (2010).Macroeconomics. Toronto: Pearson Canada. Williamson, S. (2011).Macroeconomics. Boston: Addison-Wesley. Williamson, S. (2014).Macroeconomics. Boston: Pearson.