malunggay leaves as shampoo - 1224 Words

Republic of the Philippines Department of Education Region IV-B MIMAROPA Puerto Princesa City National Science High School City of Puerto Princesa â€Å" MALUNGGAY LEAVES AS SHAMPOO† A Project Proposal in Partial Fulfillment in the subject Elective Science IV Antonieta C. Miguel Adviser Eden E. Gutierrez The researcher 2011-2012 Background of the Study This research is entitled â€Å"Malunggay leaves as Shampoo† this research is all about using malunggay leaves as shampoo. Malunggay leaves once considered a poor man’s vegetables but now it is known as a miracle tree or natures medicine cabinet by scientists and health care workers from around the world because it is loaded with vitamins†¦show more content†¦Studies in the Philippines and many other countries have shown that malunggay is nature’s â€Å"medicine† cabinet, with all the parts of the tree, besides the leaves, having medicinal or therapeutic value. Dr. Alice Ilaga, director of the Biotechnology Program of the Department of Agriculture (DA), has been calling malunggay a â€Å"backyard pharmacy.† The leaves and flowers of malunggay are ideal for breastfeeding mothers and for malnourished children and the elderly. Using the leaves can also help in the treatment of headaches, bleeding from a shallow cut or w ound, insect bites, bacterial or fungal skin complaints, gastric ulcers and diarrhea. The pods are useful in the treatment for worm, liver and spleen problems, and joint pains. The word shampoo in English is derived from Hindi chÄ mpo (à ¤Å¡Ã  ¤ ¾Ã  ¤ Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¥â€¹ [tÊÆ'à £Ã‹ poË ]),[1] and dates to 1762. The Hindi word referred to head massage, usually with some form of hair oil. Similar words also occur in other North Indian languages. The word and the service of head massage were introduced to Britain by a Bengali entrepreneur named Sake Dean Mahomed. Dean Mahomed introduced the practice to Basil Cochrane s vapour baths while working there in London in the early 19th century, and later, together with his Irish wife, opened Mahomed s Steam and Vapour Sea Water Medicated Baths in Brighton, England. His baths were like Turkish baths where clientsShow MoreRelatedMalunggay Extract as an Ingredient in Making Toothpaste2467 Words   |  10 PagesMALUNGGAY EXTRACT AS AN INGREDIENT FOR TOOTHPASTE An Investigatory Project Presented to The Chemistry Department In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for Chemistry By Abdul Khalid D. Alonto Miguel R. Erfe Stacey Denise A. Guangco Henneylo Socorro I. Ubalde 2013 The Investigatory Project entitled: MALUNGGAY EXTRACT AS AN INGREDIENT FOR TOOTHPASTE Submitted by Abdul Khalid D. Alonto, Miguel R

Is It Real Or Is - 1300 Words

Is It Real or is it Fake? That is the Question (Favorite Sonnet) What is love? Is love a feeling that you get when you see someone? Is love a pitter-patter that you get in your chest when the person you are head over heels for walks into the room? Is love the breath being sucked out of your lungs and your heart skipping a beat or five hundred when your significant other walks into the room and looks you dead in the eye? But, love could not even be a feeling, and it could actually be a choice. Maybe people don’t actually fall in love. Maybe they choose to love someone. Yet, not just anyone. That’s a hard question to answer. But another hard question to answer is what love is. It’s easy to define what love is not. Oddly enough, Shakespeare is able to answer both of these questions in fourteen lines with iambic pentameter with a perfect rhyme scheme. It’s amazing. He does this in Sonnet 116. This was my favorite poem because it stated that love is perfect and unchanging, it doesn’t end with death, and because it is not susceptible to time itself. First, I really loved this sonnet because it described how love is perfect and unchanging. That is a wonderful thought. The fact that love can actually be perfect in a world of imperfect things is astonishing. There really is no perfect things in this world, and to have one solid thing makes live worth living in a sense. I have always believed that you cannot fully love unless you have God in your heart and in your relationship.Show MoreRelatedGod Is Real Or Not Real846 Words   |  4 Pagesunderstanding the nature of God and whether God is real or not real is for the most part innate. I have dwindled it down to two types of people in my world, people who believe in God and who do not believe in God. Most of my childhood growing up, I believed in a creator of the world, but as I grew up and began to understand more about science as well as reasoning, I walked a fine line between what I was taught to believe and what I thought was re al. My family began to drift away from God, as did IRead MoreLegend Of The Sasquatch, Are They Real, Or Not Real?1185 Words   |  5 Pages Sasquatch V. Yeti, Are They Real, Or Not Real? The Sasquatch and the Yeti, mythical ape-like beasts are extremely popular legends in the U.S.A. and Nepal as early as the 1800’s. Many people do not believe in them, often dismissing them as hoaxes, but for those who do believe in them, they are both feared and respected. If they do exist, the creatures have defined muscles and are incredibly strong, and are able to elude the camera as well. Michael Johnson, someone very involvedRead MoreIs It Real?1433 Words   |  6 Pageshis surroundings; â€Å"is it real†¦?† (Atwood 269) became a reoccurring theme. Over a game of virtual chess one day Jimmy asked, â€Å"why don’t we use a real set, the old kind with plastic men?† To which crake later responded, â€Å"the real set is in your head.† (Atwood, 93) These seemingly unimportant debates among friends, proved to be a small part of the problems apparent in our modern society. Atwood has drawn to attention the idea that the world in which we live is no longer real, and developed it as theRead MoreReal1707 Words   |  7 PagesCHAPTER 1 ATTITUDINAL HAZARD (MORALE): Carelessness to a loss CHANCE OF LOSS: Probability that an event will occur DIRECT LOSS: Financial loss from physical damage, destruction, or theft DIVERSIFIABLE RISK: Affects individual or small groups (can be reduced or eliminated) ENTERPRISE RISK: All major risks faced by business firms STRATEGIC RISK: Uncertainty regarding firms financial goals OPERATIONAL RISK: Firms operation results FINANCIAL RISK: Uncertainty of loss due to adverse changes Read MoreGod Is Real : Is God Real?2173 Words   |  9 PagesRJ Longstreet Dr. DePoe PHIL 312 30 November 2015 God is Real The question â€Å"Is God real?† has been speculated for years and years. It is one of the main questions that is still being asked in today’s world, with movies, music and media surrounding it. The popular movies that have recently been released such as â€Å"God’s Not Dead† and â€Å"Heaven is for Real,† are perfect examples of this, with millions going to see them, and supporting the assumption that there is a God and place called Heaven. MillionsRead MoreThe Real Revolution Essay1313 Words   |  6 PagesThe Real Revolution As Americans, we as a society often glorify the past, ignoring facts that counteract our bias. The American Revolution is the literally the war that made America. As a child, I experienced this bias and one-sided view of The Revolution first hand. It wasn’t until my freshman year of college when the truth of the revolution was revealed by my History Professor. His countless years of study and actual journals from the figures we teach kids to idolize, showed myself and fellow classmatesRead MoreReal Earnings Management : Real Profit Management953 Words   |  4 Pagesuse another discretionary technique commonly known as real earnings management. Gunny (2005) mentions that real earnings management arises when directors prioritise earnings figure over the conventional method of accounting to alter this figure in their favour. Real earnings management is relatively different as compared to accruals based earnings management due to the ‘direct cash flow effect’. Based on Roychowdhury (2006), an example of real earnings manipulation takes place when a company reducesRead MoreReal Estate686 Words   |  3 PagesReal Estate Sector in India | | Last Updated: February  2013 | | | | IntroductionThe Indian economy has witnessed robust growth in the last few years and is expected to be one of the fastest growing economies in the coming years. Demand for commercial property is being driven by Indias economic growth.Real Estate sector is not only the biggest contributor to gross domestic product (GDP) of the country but is also the fourth largest sector in terms of foreign direct investment (FDI)Read MoreHeaven Is for Real787 Words   |  4 Pagesis for Real â€Å"I want them to know that heaven is for real.† -Colton Burpo Have you ever wondered what is beyond this world? Heaven is for Real by Todd Burpo is an incredible story that has a shocking plot, followed by interesting characters and an inspiring theme. A young boy emerges from a life-saving surgery with remarkable stories of his visit to heaven. This book is filled with unbelievable events and great twists that will make you not want to put the book down! Heaven is for Real is a trueRead More`` Heaven Is For Real ``933 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Heaven is for Real† is the story of a family who almost lost a son, but ended up getting a glimpse of Heaven. The Burpo family was having a difficult year. Todd, the father of the family, is the main wage earner. He is a pastor, a volunteer firefighter and he installs garage doors as a side business to supplement the church income. In one year he battled illness and a severe leg break. After he recovered, he and his wife decided to turn an church conference into a fun, family vacation. Right before

The Causes and Effects of Global Recession Free Essays

Here a definition a recession as well a global recession is mentioned. Some causes and effects has been listed. Due to recession occurring, I have identified the effects of recession based on Tesco. We will write a custom essay sample on The Causes and Effects of Global Recession or any similar topic only for you Order Now The causes and effects of global recession. Global financial crisis, increasing for a while, began to show its results in the mid of 2007 into 2008. Worldwide stock markets have subsided, financial institutions have dropped and governments in even the richest nations have had to develop packages to assist their financial organizations. Recession is defined as a slowdown of activities in the economy over a time.The major effect of recession is Inflation as well as currency crisis. A decrease in income may be another effect of recession in the economy. As persons try to save more, this reduces sales therefore there is a result of no profits. Another effect may be increase in mortgage rates. At the time of recession, lenders tend to increase rate in order to cover their losses. While in recession employment occasions are reduced since companies tend to cut down on these opportunities thus leading to unemployment in the economy. Countries around the world are being driven into recession as the economic downturn deteriorates.In Europe, Germany, Italy, Ireland and Denmark they have all suffered two consecutive quarters of economic decline the first is the technical definition of a recession and secondly it was already present before. Japan joined the list as it surprised economists and reduced in size in the ending of the year. The UK economy shrank in the third quarter of 2008, and is expected to contract through most of 2009. Many are expecting a new world order with economic power shifting to countries in the east who are better placed to weather the downturn.However, developing economies rely on the west to buy their goods, so recessions in the US and UK will also hurt them. This was according to http://www. guardian. co. uk/business/interactive/2008/oct/08/recession. creditcrunch The effects of recession may be seen as bankruptcies, deflation, a reduction in sales, crash in the stock market and most importantly unemployment. Causes of global recession may be because of the sub-prime lending crisis and rising of oil prices. The main effects of recession are a decrease in profitability, decline in the stock market and difficulty in borrowing.The financial crisis from 2007 to present is a result of the banking system in the United States. This has resulted in the disintegration of financial institutions, bailout of bank by national governments and slumps in stock markets worldwide. In various areas, housing markets has also suffered. Although the credit crunch in the US was costing America and Europe immense job losses, financial professionals were influenced that Africa will NOT BE unharmed by the global financial crisis because of where it is located. The impact of the US credit crunch on Africa was narrow as a result of the restrictions of ownership.Due to the lack of trade finance is causing stockpiles to build up at Southern Africa’s coal port, because of this, coal trade has fallen drastically. Africa was unharmed for some time. Nevertheless, when the recession strengthened in the First World, the effects were being felt. According to reports people working in the construction, automotive, tourism, finance, services and real estate sectors will be mostly affected during these hard times. Africa’s export and import industries have changed due to the credit crunch in the US.Africa depends heavily on exports of its raw commodities such as oil and coal, and since the US credit crunch the countries that purchases Africa’s exports have been unable to retrieve credit. This has caused a great fall in exports and consecutively resulted in deceased prices. Credit crunch meaning a scarcity of money, declining house prices which is related to a lack of mortgages and credit crunch and cost push inflation resulting in decreased income are some factors that push an economy into recession. A decrease in world GDP occurred in many countries, specifically in developing countries.Imports have also declined significantly in importing countries. This was obvious in countries such as China, Taiwan, Mexico, Egypt and Russia. it was stated that GDP fell to 3. 8% in the U. S. The impact of recession on employment may not be felt for some time. Investigation in Britain shows that low-skilled, low-educated workers and the immature are in a weak position to unemployment in a downturn. It took Britain five years for unemployment to go back to its initial levels. From 2000 to 2003, the Federal Reserve lowered their target rates. They then raised the funds rate significantly between July 2004 and July 2006.This added to an increase in number of years to the adjustable-rate mortgage rates and made it more expensive for homeowners. As a result, this may have also contributed to the deflating of the housing bubble. Gross Domestic Product declined at an in the last two years in the United States. When GDP collapses, economic growth will also plunge. This is as a result of fewer goods being manufactured and therefore the rate of exports will reduce. It is said that when exports decrease, it will not have sufficient funds to accommodate any growth in the economy what so ever.As a result in the decline in GDP, employment rate will sooner or later begin to drop. As a result of the credit crunch, consumers have less purchasing power therefore they are consuming a lot less. Due to this, employers are making a minor profit and as a result they are not capable to pay their workers. Now, because of this they tend to start to cut down on their staff members. The employment rate in the U. K. for a period of three months was recorded as the lowest since many years aback. The number of people employed that was unemployed was unimaginable although there were a number of job vacancies.This then eventually increased to new heights. These increases were mostly due to the industrial sectors. In the US, a rumble in the housing segment was driving the economy to new heights. This is a combination of little interest rates and hefty inflows of overseas funds helped to create easy credit situation where it became a lot easier for people to get loans. As more people are able to obtain loans, the demand for houses increased as well as the price for the house. The main aim of most lending institutions and credit firms was to give loans to scores of potential customers as possible.Inspecting the customer’s repaying capacity was overlooked in lots of cases. As a consequence, many people with a low level income as well as bad credit record category were given housing loans in disregard to all theories of financial caution. This type of loan was considered to be sub-prime loans as the repaying of the loan was doubtful. In the age of globalization, no country can remain detached from the variations of global economy. Intense failures suffered by major International Banks will affect all countries of the world.As of now India is facing heat since their market shares are declining daily, their money is declining against money and their banks are facing brutal crash crunch resulting in scarcity of liquidity in the market. A global depression is most likely to be a consequence in the fall in demand of all types of consumer goods. As a result, in 2007-08, India sold a smaller number of goods to overseas consumers. A fall in demand is likely to affect the growth rate as well as export rates. The global downturn continues to have intense impacts for developing countries.Australia is dedicated to responding efficiently to this crisis and civilizing the elasticity of countries and their ability to handle shocks in the mare future. Australia responded to this recession by the prevention of poverty reduction and sustaining programs that generate employment and re-establish economic growth. During 2008 and 2009 the global economy was shaken by towering food and fuel prices. Global economic growth deteriorated in the year 2009. The crisis also produced a significant change in the situation of expanding countries. Economic growth in developing countries in 2009 dramatically decreased compared to that in 2007.Declines in foreign direct investment, export revenue and payments have slow down economic growth and employment in developing countries. There is development towards plummeting poverty and hunger. Extensive job losses in rural areas, export-oriented sectors has enlarged unemployment and impelled more workers into low-income careers. This impact has been a result of recession. Although Japan has not suffered from a housing crumple or toxic assets, its financial system has been hit rigid by the crisis than the US or EU. Japan’s reduction is as a result in the fall in external demand.THE EFFECT OF THE CRISIS ON TESCO Here http://www. corporatewatch. org. uk/? lid=252#sum stated that Tesco, known as Britian’s leading as well as most beneficial supermarket is located in China. As in the current years, Tesco and its biggest rivals have faced disparagement for mistreating their position as a monopoly and adding to some of the main internal and external problems outbreak in society today. Some of these include replacing small farmers with industrial monoculture agricultural estate whereby the wages ahead are lower and their labor privileges. As time went by Tesco took over the leading position.In 1995 Tesco was the largest supermarket and became the leader a few years after. This was foreseen as an achievement. In the year 2000, Tesco successfully launched a website. In 2001, customer satisfaction was taken into consideration as in various stores, enhancement services was implemented. Tesco became the primary merchant in the UK. They also reached to new heights. The entry to Malaysia was made in the upcoming year. As all firms do, they offered speciality products which were made for diabetic customers. The business began storing electronic products of all types, as well as furniture in its stores.During this same year the company then further introduced garments mainly in its UK stores giving customers a wider range of products. As years went by Tesco made entries to various countries. Entry was made into China. This time where their product was launched they developed and promoted their products. The website which was launched was available to download music as well. In the year 2005 the existence in Taiwan’s was done. As the years went by Tesco progressed and developed slowly. After a sum of three years, plans were made to establish a new business to be made available in India.According to market studies in 2004, Tesco’s gap was sealing. It was known as the fourth major supermarket in the world existing presently. It is said that Tesco operates countless stores in various countries around the world and employees more than hundreds or persons. They used their knowledge to compete against Wal-Mart as by lowering prices so customers would turn to them instead, their increasing sales and consumer awareness and needs. Tesco is known that the major aim of a firm is to maximize profits. However, it is the belief of many that the firm cannot achieve its full potential if it cannot achieve its full growth potential.Therefore in this case Marris’s theory does not make any economic sense. For a firm to be able to maximize shareholders and managers wealth, it must be able to grow and advance enough. Also, since the aim of the modern economic world is globalization, if a firm cannot meet its fullest potential it can be highly compatible with the global market and a wider variety of preferences for trade and investment. According to http://www. dailymail. co. uk/news/article-1172251/Prices-profits-Tesco-puts-success-discounts–shoppers-pay-staple-goods. html sales progress at Tesco has plit fifty-fifty due to Britain’s major retailer loses patrons to financial plan competitors, together with the thriving German discounters. Although the value of sales through Tesco’s stores in UK showed a twelve-monthly growth of 2% within the past three months, it was its worst figure in a long time. The business has react d by establishing a modern recent discount choice, which is bringing inhabitants through the doors nevertheless delivering inferior sales values and profit margins. Tesco had a huge lost from customers due to them switching to Asda while Aldi and Morrisons made a reasonable profit.This was due to switching of customer loyalties. Figures proved that Tesco’s leading grocery competitors are doing far more damage to it than formerly deliberated. Tesco insisted that its recently launched brand was to blame for knocking a few percentages of UK sales figures. Selling experts suggested as a result of the values, Tesco is fighting a wrong battle. They should be more concerned about their customers’ preference and not their competitors. It was reported that Tesco is pleased with progress being done but at the same time they are pragmatic about the climate in the economy a present and the twist it is putting on the customers. The director of Tesco stated that the growth of sales in UK was the slowest since the recession in the early 1990s. Although deflation in a business causes losses it is a good decision since customers respond to it. As of the expansion of the business in the US, there is a halt. http://www. tescoplc. com/annualreport09/financialstatements/summary_financial_statement/summary_group_income_statement/ Stated that VAT increased and that exchange rates as well as sales increased. It stated a reduction of inflation and growth rate which impacted on an increase in sales due to customers trying to save their salary. Due to these trends, Tesco took advantage of it by slicing their prices and making products more affordable. With the increase in productivity and proper expense management the result of this there was a growth in profits despite the challenges. This website http://industry. bnet. com/retail/10001528/recessions-impact-on-fresh-easy-drags-down-tesco-results/ stated that in the financial year ending February, Tesco lost a huge amount of money in pounds. After bookkeeping for the exchange rates it was shown that an unbelievable amount was due to this.It then was forecasted that an enormous loss occurred in the US. Also it was said that the total sales amounted to 208 million pounds, due to stores having an advantage because of a sale. As stated according to http://www. bbc. co. uk/blogs/thereporters/robertpeston/2010/01/tesco_and_recessions_end. html Britain’s largest merchant benefited from an unexpected growth. Sales in the UK rose a remarkable 8. 3% – and 4. 9% per unit of selling space, adjusted for the VAT changes and excluding petrol. This was Tesco’s best performance for three years. It seemed as doe recession did not have any impact on Tesco.As prices goes up it is stated that other stores are raising their prices. By supporting the credit crunch, this may be as a result of elevated numbers of unemployment. As one of the largest and fastest growing merchants more jobs will be accessible with TESCO therefore helping to trim down the levels of unemployment. A PESTLE analysis is therefore useful in order to keeping TESCO up to date with their environmental surroundings for example by identifying in advance that route to which they are heading for a recession would have helped them to plan in advance. This was stated according to http://www. odelanswer. co. uk/business/help/pestle/tescos. php. it also stated that a PESTLE analysis is essential to the development and the success of TESCO’s also including the day to day management of each store in line with strategic decisions. By lack of knowledge of what external factors affect the organisation, it is complex to control the business in a well-organized manner. http://www. independent. co. uk/news/business/analysis-and-features/recession-slows-the-tesco-juggernaut-1048858. html states that the biggest retailer, in UK had a huge downturn of sale due to recession.However, Tesco is being battered by brutal competition from rivals, Asda, Morrisons and Aldi, which are apparent to be stronger on price. Thus far, the government’s reaction is mainly heavily dependent on measures agreed to before the crisis began. Negotiating a framework for a unified response by business, government and trade unions, with an emphasis on avoiding, where possible, retrenchments. Interest rate cuts. Proceeding with a three-year infrastructure investment programme. Proceeding with an expanded public-works programme was stated according to http://www. amandlapublishers. co. a/home-menu-item/156-the-impact-of-the-global-recession-on-south-africa. In accordance to http://www. bloomberg. com/apps/news? pid=conewsstorytkr=TSCO:LNsid=aB2XzUDCyYSQ. It stated that across all parts of their strategy – UK, International, Non-food, Services, businesses are now physically powerful than it was before the recession. Various procedures, developed market shares, strategic performance and a strong organic development programme, were done to accomplish profitable growth. In the United States, Fresh Easy has been making tremendous progress, despite lengthened weakness in the economies. Customers are now appreciating the range of fresh food being prepared and the friendly services offered. As of the new businesses, we are become accustom and cultivating feedback. With the upgrading development to our range implemented and with the number of growing stores, which was launched at media campaigns – in is said to offer both high quality and low prices. With a combination of increased customer awareness and the improvements we have made in the store helped to drive stronger positive sales growth throughout the year. As a result of assistance from the government, there was much of no assistance.They insisted that retailers would benefit only from a re-evaluation of business rates as they have been negatively affected by tumbling property values. He also suggested that a cut in the Uniform Business Rate multiplier should be done to avoid businesses suffering rate increases in a recession. The multiplier is reviewed annually and goes up in line with inflation. It was also disclosed that business rates should be reviewed since they do not reflect the changing nature of businesses in which the value ofproperty is no longer profitability as stated according to http://findarticles. om/p/articles/mi_7996/is_2008_Nov_12/ai_n39096759/. CONCLUSION In closing global recession has a huge impact on businesses. As a result Tesco was one of the companies affected by the recession.REFERENCE WEBSITES Tesco. com Tecso’s History [Online] Available at: http://www. tescoplc. com/plc/about_us/tesco_story/ [Accessed on 28th April, 2010] About Tesco [Online] Available at: http://www. cn. tesco. com/en/aboutus/aboutus_history. htm [Accessed on 28th April, 2010] Tesco’s weekly sales growth [Online] Available at: http://www. freshplaza. com/news_detail. sp? id=62193 [Accessed on 28th April, 2010] Government assistance towards Tesco [Online] Available at: http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_7996/is_2008_Nov_12/ai_n39096759/ [Accessed on 1st May, 2010] Tesco Plc [Online] Available at: http://www. bloomberg. com/apps/news? pid=conewsstorytkr=TSCO:LNsid=aB2XzUDCyYSQ [Accessed on 1st May, 2010] The impact of global recession [Online] Available at: http://www. amandlapublishers. co. za/home-menu-item/156-the-impact-of-the-global-recession-on-south-africa [Accessed on 1st May, 2010] Tesco’s recession [Online] How to cite The Causes and Effects of Global Recession, Papers

Economic for Business

Question: Discussthe causes and the effects of the sluggish productivity growth in Singapore and its impact on the gross domestic product. Answer: Introduction The current study elucidates in detail the causes and the effects of the sluggish productivity growth in Singapore and its impact on the gross domestic product. The present study critically evaluates the scenario presented in the article with the help of the economic concepts of Aggregate demand (AD) and Aggregate Supply (AS). The study draws special reference to the economic concepts of the aggregate demand and the aggregate supply model (AD-AS model) to analyse the economic situation presented in the article on the sluggish rate of productivity of Singapore. Application of Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply Model As rightly put forward by Abel, Bernanke and Croushore (2011), the aggregate demand as well as the aggregate supply model that is simply referred to as the AD-AS model is primarily used to illustrate the fluctuations in the level of output , level of price as well as the level of inflation in a particular economy. In particular, the aggregate demand curve mainly depicts the total amount of output of different goods as well as services that all the households, corporations as well as governments are willing to purchase at different levels of price (Chakraborty 2010). Therefore, it can be said that the aggregate demand curve presents the combinations of different levels of price as well as the aggregate output where the goods markets is in equilibrium with the money market. Chakraborty (2010) opine that aggregate supply curve presents the total quantity of goods as well as services that the firms of an economy produces and at the same time supplies at a certain given level of price. Figure 1: AD -AS model (Source: Colander 2010) Figure 1 above presents the aggregate demand and the aggregate supply curve where real GDP is measured along and the price level along the vertical axis. The aggregate demand curve is represented by the downward sloping curve named AD and the aggregate supply curve is represented by the curve named AS. The AS curve remains horizontally flat for certain part of its entire length and past certain points become upward sloping (Colander 2010). The considerably flat position reflects the non-inflationary zone while the upward sloping region represents the inflationary section (Repository.neelain.edu.sd 2016). Effects of decrease in productivity The article mentions that the market research analysts of Nomura has put forward the fact the restructuring drive of Singapore has failed to lift the productivity growth of the economy of Singapore. This has further dampened all the prospects of growth of the economy and has shrunk to 3.8%. As mentioned in the article, the decrease in productivity will shift the aggregate supply curve towards left with the obvious implications of lack of technological improvement, inadequate level of research and development in addition to other things that tend to decrease the productivity. This in turn lowers the standard of living of the people of the economy as is enumerated by the level of real national output and at the same time works in favour of the inflationary pressures (Colander 2010). The decrease in productivity will cause lower demand for workers and will lead to unemployment. The fall in the wages of the employees will lead to lower levels of consumption and direct the way for decreas e in demand for the goods and the services produced by the economy and the overall decline in the real GDP (Dornbusch, Fischer and Startz 2014). Figure 2: Effect of decrease in productivity (Source: Feenstra and Taylor 2012) Effects of the tightening economic conditions In addition to this, the article also mentions that the analysts such as the Euben Paracuelles is of the view that due to lack of restructuring the productivity is not likely to rise due to fall in global economic growth, ageing population as well as tightening financial conditions at the time of US interest rate hiking cycle. As is correctly mentioned in the article this situation will lead to debt servicing problems due to the fact that the households of the economy already have high levels of the debt. Again, in addition to the Fed tightening decline in the domestic rate of interest will also lead to further decline in the real GDP and lower the productivity of the economy (Feenstra and Taylor 2012). The tightening economic conditions imply the course of action directed at constricting the total amount of spending in a particular economy (Feenstra and Taylor 2012). The money tightening policy will raise the short term rate of interest that in turn will increase the cost of borrowing and effectually reduce the attractiveness (Hubbard, O'Brien and Sharma 2012). Therefore, the higher rate of interest can have several economic implications that include the increase in the cost of borrowing. The increase in cost of borrowing will thereby discourage people from the act of borrowing and people will possess less amount of disposable income as they will expend more on payments of interests (Colander 2010). This in turn led to fall in consumption. The rise in interest rate will also direct the way towards increase in mortgage interest payments, increase the overall incentive to save than to spend (Hubbard, O'Brien and Sharma 2012). Again, the economy of Singapore will likely experience the fall in both investment as well as consumption. Furthermore, the payment s for government debt interest rate will also increase that might lead to higher rates of tax in the future (Mankiw 2012). However, this tightening policy will certainly reduce the confidence as the interest rate has a negative effect on the consumers as well as overall confidence of the business that makes both the corporation as well as the consumers to withdraw all the risky investments in addition to purchases. Therefore, the higher rate of interest has the inclination to reduce the spending of the consumers as well as investments and in turn lead to the fall in the aggregate demand of the economy (Mankiw 2012). The fall in the aggregate demand will tend to lower rate of economic growth and further decline in the overall productivity and even recession (Mankiw and Taylor 2014). This may also lead to higher rate of employment. This is because the output will decline and the corporations will produce lesser amount of products as well as services and demand lesser number of labor forces (Mankiw and Taylor 2014). The effect of the rise in interest on the overall aggregate demand and supply can be explained by the diagram drawn below: Figure 3: Effect of the rise in interest on the overall aggregate demand and supply (Source: Mankiw and Taylor 2014) The above diagram reflects that the rise in rate of interest and its effect on the overall real GDP and the price level. The vertical axis measures the real GDP reflected by Y and the price level is presented through the vertical axis. The initial aggregate demand curve and the aggregate supply curve are represented by the AD1 and AS respectively. At the initial position the output and the price level is at Y1 and P1. However, with increase in the rate of interest the aggregate demand will fall with fall in consumption demand and will shift leftward to AD2 leading to fall in the real GDP to Y2 level at price level of P2. Concerns over leading to Recession The article also mentions that the sluggish productivity growth might also imply the restructuring efforts of Singapore cannot be completed even by the end of the decade and can lead to recession. This implies that the difference between the short run equilibrium GDP as well as the potential GDP will widen that essentially shall persist as at the short run equilibrium price level Po aggregate demand will not be adequate for the purpose of purchase of potential GDP level (Mankiw and Taylor 2014). Figure 4: Recessionary Gap (Source: Parkin 2012) As is presented in the diagram above the long run equilibrium occurs at the definite level of price at which the aggregate demand curve (AD) essentially intersects the long run aggregate supply curve (LAS) that is represented by the vertical at the point of potential level of GDP. Therefore, it can be hereby ascertained that the long run equilibrium occurs at the point where the real GDP also equates the potential level of GDP (McDonald 2012). However, the short run equilibrium occurs at the point of intersection of the short run aggregate supply curve (SAS o) and the aggregate demand curve (AD) that in turn determines the price level that is Po and the corresponding real GDP that is Yo. However, the potential GDP is less than the real GDP. The potential GDP corresponds to the full employment of the total amount of the labour with assumed given stock of capital and the state of the technological improvements (McDonald 2012). Therefore, the difference between the real GDP and the pote ntial GDP represents the recessionary gap in the short run with presence of cyclical unemployment (Parkin 2012). Concerns over stagflation In the present article Nomura also added that the decrease in level of productivity will lead to higher levels of employment of the workers in different unproductive areas and at the same time increase of employment of aged and less skilled workers. The other factors leading to the decline in the productivity are the rise in the costs in the midst of global economic slowdown leading to no lesser impetus for the corporations to invest in different productivity augmenting capital irrespective of different government policies (Williamson 2014). In addition to this, the small corporations struggle a lot to invest and thrive to survive at the time when the costs mount as soon as the restructuring started (Romer 2012). The increase in the cost of labour per unit might perhaps compel different firms to raise prices to restore the profit margin (Romer 2012). However, this also leads to the stagflation that is characterised by both inflation as well as recession at the same time (Macmillanlea rning.com 2016). The report presented by Nomura describes the concerns over stagflation that is regarded as the situation of both high inflation as well as low rate of growth. The situation of rise in the prices of labour with lower productivity levels in the Singaporean economy stems the concerns of stagflation. This can also take place in case of cost push inflation. Rossana (2011) opine that the cost push inflation can occur due to the overall increase in price of oils, increase in labour costs, and increased cost of restructuring. This economic situation thereby increases the costs of the operations of the corporations and consequently reduces the disposable income of the households (Rossana 2011). As a result there might be lower levels of growth amidst high levels of inflation. This economic condition can therefore invariably lead to the stagflation as presented in the diagram below. Figure 5: stagflation owing to the leftward shift of the present aggregate supply curve (Source: Rossana 2011) The figure drawn above presents the emergence of the stagflation owing to the leftward shift of the present aggregate supply curve. The concern over the stagflation of the economy of the Singapore can be explained by drawing reference to the concepts of aggregate demand and aggregate supply and the factors and the characteristics of the shifts of these two curves and its impact on the overall output of the economy. In the above figure, the initial aggregate demand and the supply curve is presented by the AD and the SAS o curve. However, owing to the rise in the resource cost per unit of the corporations, the aggregate supply curve shift leftward as is represented by the SAS 1 curve in the figure. With the aggregate demand curve AD remaining the same and the AS curve shifting leftward, from SAS o to SAS1, a new macroeconomic point of equilibrium is thereby established at the point of intersection of the SAS1 and the aggregate demand curve AD (Storm and Naastepad 2012). Therefore, the initial level of equilibrium was at the intersection at the SAS o and the AD at which the level of price was P o and the level of output was Y o. However, the new situation leads to the new equilibrium at which the equilibrium level of output is Y1 and the equilibrium price is P1. Therefore, this becomes evident that this macro economic situation leads to raise in the overall prices (from P o to P1) and the decline in the aggregate output (from Y o to Y1). Fiscal Policies As rightly indicated in the article, the fiscal policies can act as an important factor in promoting growth that can in turn boost the restructuring process of the economy. This implies increase in the fiscal costs and leads to the expectation of the acquiring fiscal surplus by means by imposing high rates of tax especially applicable for the upper income group (Rossana 2011). In this case, the fiscal policies essentially refers to the alteration of the level of taxation of the respective government in addition to government spending in a bid to control the aggregate the overall aggregate demand of the economy along with the level of different economic activities in Singapore. Williamson (2010) opine that aggregate demand is the sum total of the total planned expenditure incurred by an economy presented by the equation AD= C+I+G+X-M. As rightly mentioned by Williamson (2011), the intention and purpose of the fiscal policy is primarily to stimulate the overall economic growth as well as productivity mainly in a recessionary economic situation. The fiscal policies also have the intention to keep the rate of inflation in the economy at a low level and to stabilise the entire economy by avoiding both the boom as well as bust in the entire economic cycle. Deflationary Fiscal Policies In this case the government of Singapore might perhaps select the deflationary fiscal policy in order to create fiscal surpluses (Chakraborty 2010). Therefore, the tight fiscal stratagem will have the inclination to lead to an enhancement of the overall budget deficit of the government not by cutting the government spending but by increasing the taxes. This increase in taxes will direct the way towards the decline in the consumer spending and will also lead to the overall reduction on the aggregate demand curve (Econweb.tamu.edu 2016). Figure 6: Deflationary Fiscal Policies (Source: Chakraborty 2010) The figure presented above represents the effects of the deflationary fiscal policy of rise in the taxes on the overall real GDP of the economy. The aggregate demand and the aggregate supply curve is represented by the AD1 and the AS curve. The initial level of equilibrium is at the price level P1 and the output level Y1. The rise in the levels of the taxes leads to the decrease in the disposable income of the people and therefore leads to lower consumption demand directing the leftward shift of the aggregate demand curve AD along the aggregate supply curve AS (Chakraborty 2010). The new equilibrium is at the point where the equilibrium price level is at P2 and the equilibrium output level is at Y2. The figure reveals the fact the rise in the taxes has a negative impact on the overall aggregate output of the economy but lowers the prices. However regardless of the slow rate of growth of the GDP, the outlook for the Singaporean economy might not be miserable as more than 50% of the overall revenue of the corporations of the nation is acquired from international business and the level of growth as well as higher levels of productivity therefore might possibly offset the strain on the on the whole earnings. Conclusion In conclusion, it can be said that the restructuring process that requires fiscal costs can slowdown the growth but has the capacity of checking inflation as well. The changes in the level of productivity by way of restricting plans implies that the labour force will be capable of producing more number of units with the quantity of input remaining the same. For example, the bar code scanners seen in different retail outlets generally raise the potential of a labour to keep accounts of the stock, materials in the inventory as well as the store shelves. Therefore, the introduction of the system led to the decrease in the cost of sales that in turn affected the profits of the corporations positively and in that order the quantity supplied escalated. Therefore, the plan of restructuring of the Singaporean governing authority can lead to the rise in the productivity by means by increasing the profits of the producers causing shifts in the aggregate supply curve in the short run to shift t o the rightward direction. References Abel, A., Bernanke, B. and Croushore, D. (2011).Macroeconomics. Boston: Addison-Wesley. Chakraborty, S. (2010).Macroeconomics. Mumbai [India]: Himalaya Pub. House. Colander, D. (2010).Macroeconomics. Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Dornbusch, R., Fischer, S. and Startz, R. (2014).Macroeconomics. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education. Econweb.tamu.edu. (2016).Texas AM University - Department of Economics - Home. Feenstra, R. and Taylor, A. (2012).International macroeconomics. New York: Worth Publishers. Hubbard, R., O'Brien, A. and Sharma, A. (2012).Macroeconomics. Harlow: Pearson. Macmillanlearning.com. (2016).Macmillan Learning. Mankiw, N. (2012).Macroeconomics. New York: Worth. Mankiw, N. and Taylor, M. (2014).Macroeconomics. New York, NY: Worth Publ. McDonald, I. (2012).Behavioural macroeconomics. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Parkin, M. (2012).Macroeconomics. Harlow, England: Pearson Education. Repository.neelain.edu.sd. (2016). Romer, D. (2012).Advanced macroeconomics. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Rossana, R. (2011).Macroeconomics. New York, NY: Routledge. Storm, S. and Naastepad, C. (2012).Macroeconomics beyond the NAIRU. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. Williamson, S. (2010).Macroeconomics. Toronto: Pearson Canada. Williamson, S. (2011).Macroeconomics. Boston: Addison-Wesley. Williamson, S. (2014).Macroeconomics. Boston: Pearson.

Benny Carters Biography and Work

Dates (Birth/Death/major milestones Benny Carter was born on the 8th day of August in 1907. He was an American jazz musician (Yanow, 168). He was a bandleader, an arranger as well as a music composer. He was also a clarinetist and a talented alto saxophonist. He later died on the 12th day of July 2003. The artist enjoyed and dominated eight decades of singing. In 1987, he won the Lifetime Achievement Award after successful nomination into the award’s category.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Benny Carter’s Biography and Work specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He also won the Best Jazz Instrumental Solo award way back in 1994. However, he was a nominee in several Jazz and RB categories such as the Best Jazz Instrumental Performance – Group and the Best Jazz Instrumental Solo in 1986 and 1993 respectively. Birthplace and Major Locations during life. Benny Carter’s birthplace was i n New York City. In 1935, the Jazz artist moved to Europe. His main purpose for relocating was to work for the British Broadcasting Corporation as a staff arranger and also join Lewis’s orchestra as a trumpet player. He traveled widely across Europe for three consecutive years while recording jazz music with other renowned artists in the region. In 1948, he returned home and shortly moved to Los Angeles. He formed a powerful orchestra team while in Los Angeles (Berger 77). Musical Training The Jazz artist was not trained in music at the initial stages of his career. However, he later joined concert, seminar and music classes at Princeton University after being convinced by Morroe Berger. The latter was a professor of Sociology at the institution. He was awarded an honorary masters degree in humanities by the institution. Performance Instruments Benny Carter was trained by his mother how to play piano at a very tender age. At the age of fifteen years, he was in a position to t each himself how to play piano and other instruments. The top bands in New York also professionalized his skills in singing and playing vital instruments (Martin 6). Historical Importance He strongly presented the beauty and value of music in three major genres, namely jazz, big band, and the swing.Advertising Looking for research paper on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Writing or composing styles The artist wrote the songs by himself. There were limited songs that were co-written in his large collection of musical compositions. Method of composing He performed in group bands. He was also a soloist who composed and performed in large orchestras. Musical Innovations and Inventions information are not available in this area.  Interesting facts He divorced three times and finally settled with the fifth wife He was the only male in a family of six children. He was also referred to as the king by other musicians and fans of his music. Interactions He intensively interacted with the top bands in New York during his early life in a music career. He interacted with Miley, who was a superb player of the trumpet. The artist worked with BBC as a music arranger. Major types of compositions He was a music arranger, a sideman, songwriter, and bandleader. Occupation Benny Carter made a living as a musical arranger, composer, leader of various bands, and an outstanding musician. Family Life The Jazz artist married in 1925 although the wife died after merely after three years of marriage. She suffered from a serious bout of pneumonia. However, he married four more times and eventually settled with Hilma Ollila Arons as the fifth wife. Although they got married in 1979, the couple had known each other since 1940. The artist divorced three wives. Major works Some of the major works of Benny Carter included Only Trust Your Heart When Lights Are Low and Gone with the Wind. He wrote these songs by himse lf. His compositions were interpreted by almost fifteen artists due to the perceived complexity. In the songs above, he blended them quite well with instruments bearing in mind that he was also conversant with playing several musical instruments (Dicaire 169). Works Cited Berger, Morroe. Benny Carter, a Life in American Music. London: Scarecrow Press, 1982. Print.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Benny Carter’s Biography and Work specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Dicaire, David. Jazz Musicians of the Early Years, to 1945. North Carolina: McFarland Company, Inc. Publishers, 2003. Print. Martin, Henry. Jazz: The First 100 Years. Thomson: Wadsworth, 2005. Print. Yanow, Scott. Jazz on Record: The First Sixty Years. New York: Backbeat Books, 2003. Print. This research paper on Benny Carter’s Biography and Work was written and submitted by user Braelynn Klein to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Argumentative Essay on Management

Argumentative Essay on Management Argumentative Essay on Management Example Argumentative Essay on Management: In the attempt to better the organizational performance, managers have opted to diversify their scope of managerial systems. Some of the main information systems currently used include the natural system, the open system and the rational systems. The rational system concentrates on the consequences and conditions of the organization’s production and general utilization of information. This managerial approach helps develop a detailed comprehension understanding of the manner in which information regarding accounting reflects and shapes organizational reality through the different methods of its application. The rational system is particularly different from the natural system because it attempts to include the introduction of a given information system both the events before and after capturing the dynamism of the characteristics. Researches done on information systems as used in organizations conclude that rational systems are static. They make an assumption that the all patterns of information applications are a response to the technical or environmental forces operating at that time. A dynamic approach incorporates the evolution of information systems as time goes by. Unlike the open system, the rational systems incorporate both past and present forces which could influence the implementation of a system. The natural approach of managing organization basically takes on board several theories in management. Unlike the other two, this type of approach towards management ensures that the employee values are the key drive in decision making. This concept of management is unique in a number of ways. One of them being that it does not equity human being to machines hence the need for the manager to develop policies that are more accommodative. It also establishes an optimum in the scope of control hence increasing employee motivation. Pay is not the only motivator of the employee hence the diversification of the remuneration package. Natural systems in management are one of the most commonly used forms of managerial and skilled employment approaches under the representative modes. Under this criterion the management’s function is conceptualized from a number of other system theories as the organizations strive to attain global recognition of its uniqueness in service delivery. Therefore, management is basically dependent on modeling the organization’s general identity. A natural system illustrates a parametrized managerial system that is structurally identifiable in case its production which corresponds to two variant parameter values is different from all inputs of a respective natural and dense subset of the overall composition of all admissible organizational inputs. In my opinion the most beneficial information systems are the natural systems. According to Flamholtz (1996), a natural system plays an extensive role in the saving of operational costs. The clarity and simplicity associated to its implementation and comprehension is a clear indicator of the efficiency of the managerial model. For instance, the employees are well motivated, self driven and work independently hence considerably reducing costs that could otherwise be used for supervisions. Similarly, through employee empowerment, the quality of service delivery by the organization is set to increase. In the long run, observing quality in service delivery in a great contribution to the organization’s reputation. Moreover, the manager benefits in popularizing the organization in terms of quality in performance. One of the most out right benefits is that of enabling the management to perform distinct information process processes necessary for the organization’s operations. These activities include evaluation, monitoring, control and prediction. At this point, the manager should appreciate that not all modeling systems are compatible to every other organization and hence the need to tailor such systems to adequately suit the subject organization. By extension the main determinant of the success of the manager is the ability to adapt, grow and survive in every aspect of managerial consideration. The management function is a direct product of the sound interaction of the organization’s environment and the management system in place (Endres Endres Chowdhury Alam, 2007). The manager benefits from this as the criteria as it offers a ground for effective communications with the employees. Of course there are diverse literature with regard to the managerial science and its respecti ve disciplines. They have different interpretations and definitions on the impacts of managerial systems depending on the organizational operations of different organizations. It will also direct its attention of the considerations of several sources of literature that concern the management function in a given organization. Another benefit of using the natural systems in management is that they help in modelling the organizational environment while at the same time responding to the key influence to the organisations (Gans, 1993). With respect to the human social organization, the natural managerial systems also address the issues of the consequential complexities. Here, the models are responsible for making the simplification of the managerial systems to ably adapt to the surrounding environments. Complexity in this dimension could mean the simplest composition of information that is necessary to comprehensively summarize an organizational process or status. For the concept of identifying structural complexity, this paper will sufficiently identify the benefits that a manager could achieve with the application of natural systems in the organization. In addition, it is clear that the more the system is integral, the higher the performance potential of the system adapting to the environmental determinant s of the organization (Foster Royce Doherty Meehan, 2009). Similarly, natural systems help in shaping the adaptive responses or the entire organization. This way, the manager is set to benefit from the structuring of the organizational behavior across all departments and transactions of the organization (Biilsberry, 1996). The definition of the organizational code of conduct and operation has a great role in the minimization of work place conflicts brought about by lack of clarity in organizational roles. Conflicts are generally a backward pull to the advancement of any organization because of the pollution of the work place environment it also leads to the devaluation of employee motivation. Natural systems of management greatly benefit the organization by increasing the performance of social and economic activities (Winston, 1988). This is achieved through clarity in definition of cultural evolution with reference to the potential capability of the managerial systems in place. The co-occurrence of formal and informal social networks that are inherent in organizations is another consideration. In any organization, sharing of tacit-to-tacit knowledge may be seen in some employee groups but not provocative in others. Therefore, some strong and informal social networks effectively facilitate the transfer of knowledge may embed in other formal structures and it is important to apply random methods of sampling to control organizational variables. Natural systems also tend to provide for a participatory approach towards decision making. There is a notable sense of self drive and self drive amongst the employees since they feel that they own the operational policies. In addition, the forums provided for by these systems go a long way in establishing all potential determinants that could influence the overall managerial system that is in place for any given organization (Kreitner, 2005). This way, the entire organization is involved in the process of decision making. This not only boost the motivation of the employees but also increases their productivity levels due to the fact that they feel they are part of the policy making panel in the organization. Participatory agent-based modeling, institution-based models, preference-based or rules of thumb decision models (experience), heuristic empirical rules, and calibration-based rules and evolutionary programming assumptions are example of natural systems decision making models tha t are empirical in nature and whose substantial efforts could be invested by a manager in organizational mechanisms and structuring of models of decision-making that are process-based to improve the performance of management function. Another benefit that can be tapped from the use of the natural systems is the generalization of individual information and knowledge through sharing of practices to the benefit of organization, and furthermore, to increase organization’s profitability. In addition, it is beneficial for the manager to possess the assumption that a knowledge management recommendation on information sharing is potentially positive and necessary (Karl Steven Drozdeck, 1991). Therefore, it is necessary for the manager to delineate between the constituent types of employees needed to employ efficient knowledge sharing strategies for maximum organization gain. In conclusion, this paper has examined all crucial influences that affect the operations of management in public sector organizations. Recently, most accounting systems have continually developed into being viewed as a technique of improving the overall efficiency and productivity of such sector organizations. Most critical-like management dynamics are composed of a curious mix that could be content or discontent, and it is for the same reason that they are constantly linked to the edge of organizational chaos (Ansari Eske, 1987). More precisely, this is a new role carried out by accounting systems in the organizations. Traditionally, accounting for information systems in the organizations was handled primarily for the purposes of fiduciary control. Whether those managerial systems could serve as an enhancement of efficiency in the organizations or not was not adequately addressed. Before management can be intensely and closely involved in the core functioning of the organizations, it is necessary to distinguish the specific results posed by the introduction of the natural managerial approach to the efficiency, cost and several other basic activities within the organizations based on the past. can write an argumentative essay on any Management topic. Our professional essay writers will help with writing your argumentative paper starting at $12/page.

3 assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

3 assignment - Essay Example The background of this problem is extensive and involves process and change in the healthcare environment in general, and the nursing workplace in particular, for many years. The changes that occurred to make hospitals and other healthcare facilities such as clinics more competitive with each other has resulted in a situation where, in some places, the patient is getting served better and the client treated better, and in some other situations, where the nursing professional and the healthcare facility or hospital is served better from a cost perspective, perhaps at the expense of the patient. There are many reasons to support either 8 or 12 hour shifts. First of all, many nurses want 12 hour shifts because they have young children to take care of, and this allows them more time to do so. Also, nurses can pursue a higher education. After all, knowing the basics forms a basis on which all other educational measures can build, and education is and remains one of the key facets of nursing. Also, flex time allows nurses to take a second job. In a similar vein, 8 hour shifts also give nurses time off so that they can relax and unwind before going through another rigorous session of caring for patients and clients at the healthcare facility. In many cases, these facilities such as hospitals don’t want flex time because it costs more money, compromises sick leave, and requires more nurses. There are categorizations to be made between situational conflicts, which may differ under varying decisions and stressors that are unique to each situation, and relational conflicts. Relational conflicts might be more static in terms of how they can be #1 A mediator can come in and help the nurses reach a consensus. Mediators can plan in many different ways and can provide the disputants with many different opportunities for rapport, but overall the credibility of the mediator should be based on

Contemporary management issues(1) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Contemporary management issues(1) - Essay Example 3. Virtue ethics: Virtue ethics appraises the characteristics of the agent and not what should be done (deontology) or the outcome (consequentialism).The approach emphasises that action, within the principles of virtuosity, is ethical if virtue informs the action and leans on a moral evaluation of the performer rather that on the result or the duty considerations. In addition some philosophers have posited different approaches for delineating the ethical from the unethical, these are essentially shades of the above three basic approaches, and not recounted here. This essay looks at Consequentialist and Virtue Ethic approaches and their application in modern business practices using specific reference to the supply chain up to the customer of flowers that are out of season within the United Kingdom. Flowers, grown in all parts of the world, find their way to the auction houses in Holland. Buyers and representatives of large dealers buy the flowers and transport them to their respective countries and from there to the retail outlets. The chain is so organised that the flowers are at the retail outlets within hours of harvest. However, glitches do take place and the flowers may be out of season by the time they reach retail. In addition, stale, and flowers of lower quality sometime spend more time in the auction areas until a buyer picks them up at fractional prices or a decision taken to destroy them. A number of questions of ethics and ethical behaviour arise here from the points of view of the supply chain, the retailer, the customer, and consumer groups. Within the paradigm of consequentialist ethics, according to Williams (1973), confusion exists between goals (the desired/ desirable consequence) and actions, for once a goal is achieved, it becomes the means to the achievement of, or definition of, the next aim or goal. This continuity is bound to carry on as long as we are alive and taking some action. Therefore, the journey

Cyclermate Consultancy report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Cyclermate Consultancy report - Essay Example This report will try to establish whether it is possible for Cyclermate Company to clear off its debts and attain financial stability in the near future with the increasingly loss of profitability. Background information Cyclermate Company has been enjoying unprecedented growth in the manufacture of cycles for quite some time. However, the last few years have seen the profits of this company sink sharply resulting from declined sales. The company was started in 1988 by two friends, Lewis Llewellyn and Dai Armstrong who had been in this business of making cycles for more than 20 years.The two friends brought their wealth of experience together and they decided to start a cycle manufacturing business going by the name Cyclermate. Within just a span of slightly more than two years, the firm had expanded to an extent that the two friends decided to acquire premises from where they were conducting their business. With increased demand for their product, the staff also increased considerab ly but they still insisted on keeping the staff at a skeletal minimum to cut costs. Everything was done manually or through the use of old or effective machinery. Automation was discouraged as they couldn’t justify buying the machines that were to be used in bending of the bars to manufacture these cycles. The issue of quality with these cycles arose when a cycle had an accident and blamed it on the fault of a braking system. Sales have declined and with a few creditors, Linda Llewellyn, who is Lewi’s wife and she demands that her share of the business be given to her and along term loaner, Geraint Williams, who relies on the payments from this loan to take care of his ailing wife. There is much financial pressure on the business and if measures are not taken into place, financial strain could cause the business to close down (Campello, Graham, & Harvey, 2010; Bancel, & Mittoo,2011). To this regard, the chairman Dai Armstrong and Gwyneth Morgan the secretary were taske d with the prerogative of arranging for a meeting with the bank to negotiate the possibility of an overdraft. The bank had already stipulated that this request would be highly unlikely to be considered unless the company provides proof that there would be increased trading to turn around the declining profits. To be able to know for sure whether the company can be capable of turning around and consolidate itself on the financial front in the short run, a full overview and assessment of the country will be done in this report. A SWOT analysis will be conducted to identify the areas of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities as well as threats that face this company. The issue of quality in production will also be illuminated upon. Measures that the company is undertaking to ensure it reverses these negative profits will also be looked into among other relevant issues pertaining to this case. Assumptions made To be able to provide a comprehensive and granular analysis of the company in f orm of its financial position and other aspects such as production techniques as well as marketing strategies and administration strategies, a number of assumptions will have to be made here. These assumptions are discussed in the following paragraphs. The main assumption is that both the company management and the bank acknowledge that the company had been performing well in the past but the

Business Management: Small and Large Business Differences

Business Management: Small and Large Business Differences Small Large Management The purpose of this report is to review and provide a critical analysis (agree/disagree) if small businesses require different management style(s) compared to large businesses. In the contemporary business environment it is true that small business require different management styles compared to large ones. Therefore the report will start by outlining the differences between a small and large business and their characteristics. Moreover the report will look into different management styles and try to demonstrate their contributions to the small businesses compared to large ones, on top of that underpinning the strategic relationship which these style(s) have to the small businesses. 2.0 Introduction Before undertaking the discussion it’s important to know the meaning of a small and large business. What exactly is a small business and when does it become medium-sized or large, are the key questions whose answers will be portrayed in this report. The small business administration defined a small business as a firm with 500 or fewer employees with annual revenue under  £2500000 (www.delawarecountybrc.com `). However the legal definition of â€Å"small† varies from country and industry, a small business is the one with small number of employees generally under 100 employees in the United States while under 50 employees in the European Union (strorey, 2005). Some definitions focus on numerical parameters in order to differentiate between smaller and larger business types. The European commission (EC) initiated an important set of definitions of small and medium sized enterprises based on the headcount, turnover and balance sheet value. The committee of inquiry on small firms, set up in the UK (1971) proposed that a small firm has three essential characteristics. A small firm is managed by its owner(s) in a personalized way. It has a relatively small share of market in economic terms. It is independent, in the sense that it does not form part of a larger enterprise and its ownership is relatively free from outside control in its principal decisions (Longenecker et al, 2000). 3.0 Methodology A background reading and research was done in writing this report by consulting lecturer notes of this module and creating points. A list of recommended text books (from the library) were consulted for application of academic theories and models. The report outline being updated when suitable new points were found, internet sources were used to gather examples and further arguments for consideration. 4.0 Findings Small businesses do not conform to any neat parameters, much depends on the industry in which they operate and the personalities and aspirations of those that run them. The objective of this section is to understand the deference between the management role in a small firm and in a larger corporation. Griffins (2000) explain the meaning of management as a set of functions directed at efficient and effective utilization of resources in the pursuit of organizational goals. Efficient in the sense that the resources are used wisely in a cost effective manner, and effective in making the right decisions and successfully implementing them. The management challenge is to maintain control over the process of an organization while at the same time leading, inspiring, directing and making decisions on all sorts of matters. Hannagan (1998) points out that the challenges of modern mangers is to deal with this tension between operating the present systems, structures and processes and the need to change in order to survive. The larger an organization the more specialized management can become, and at the highest level an organization need convergence of skills (Hannagan, 1998). Managing in a small business is not like managing part of a large organization, however, (Stokes Wilson, 2006 ) argue that it is difficult to say precisely what the difference are other than having fewer resources to things. According to (Stokes Wilson, 2006), Small business management is different in several respects to management in larger organizations because of social structures, relationships and because of the level of resources available. While these differences are derived from the numbers of employees and the size of turnover, it is their management implications that are the primary concern of this report. For example a manager who has special department in a small business is facing situation typical of small challenge than large business manager. Coyle (2003) explains that businesses with les than 10 employees rarely need a middle management structure, but over that size there is often pressure on the owner-manager to delegate more of the decision making. Waynarczyk (2001) identifies three key aspects in which small and large firms differ: uncertainty, innovation and evolution. Uncertainty- is a persistent feature of small firms which tend to have small customer bases and limited resources Innovation of either very new products, or marginal differences to well established ones, is a key factor in the success or failure of new business start-ups. Evolution refers to the state of constant structural and market changes which small firms are likely to experience as they struggle to survive and develop. It could be argued that uncertainty, innovation and evolution are also crucial part of the business environment of large corporates in today’s fast changing world. Siropolis (1998) also emphasize that management in small firms differ from that of large firms due a number aspects. These include; Centrality of the owner-manager The formality of structure The level of resource constraints Vulnerability to external context and change Limited product range and market focus. The vulnerability of small business to their external context has a relation to their inability to deal adequately with change. The introduction of new regulations can have a disproportionate effect on the fortunes of small business, whose limited resources cannot easily be redeployed to deal with the new procedures. (Hall, 1995) points out that small business environment exerts some pressure that can be different to the influences on larger organizations. Problems of the availability, cost of finance, and the burden of government regulations and paper work are examples of the preoccupation that concern the manager of a small enterprise but possibly do not concern many corporate managers in large organization (Scarborough Zimmerer, 2000). Differences in the environment are probably as great between sectors defined by products or markets as they are between those delineated by size of company. Such differences in the business environment justify the need of different management styles between small and large business firms. Moreover the financial management of a small business is different from that of a large firm. In a study conducted by walker and Petty the financial difference between small and large firms were evaluated and saw that there are clearly some differences between them. The disparities in dividend politics, dividends as a percent of earning are approximately 3% and 40% for small and large business (Hall, 1995). The second difference is the liquidity; large firms have more liquidity which is reflected by the current ratio, the quick and current ratio increase as the firm size becomes larger. This difference exists because, small firms retain smaller amount of accounts receivable and inventory, second small firms rely heavily on current liabilities, thus small firms maintain less liquidity. The apparent difference in liquidity between large and small firms lends further support that small business require a different management style to large ones. If the managers of small businesses are willing to assume greater risk, their attitude may well be reflected in the small firm’s liquidity (Zimmerer and Scarborough, 2005) According to (Stokes Wilson, 2006), the internal structure of a small business creates the need for a different management approach. In a larger company, the chief executive is the head of the team of specialists in production, finance, marketing, personnel and other functions. There is a clear distinction between those planning the future of the business in the longer term and those implementing the strategy on day to day basis. On the other hand small business owner-managers have to do it all; they are generalists who will have to turn their hand to all functions from sales to production. They are the planners and implementors, responsible for deciding strategy and making it happen. 4.1 Types of management control The way in which an owner-manager exercise control over their workforce will depend not just on the personality of a manager, but also the deposition of power in the employer-employee relationship. Saini Dhameja (1998) points that some circumstance gives the owner –manager, as employer, relatively high levels of control over employees; in other situations employees may be able to call more of tune. To illustrate this relationship Goss identified four types of management control- fraternalism, paternalism, benevolent autocracy and sweating in small firms. Extent of employee potential economic independence Fraternalism This describes a situation where the owner-manager is heavily dependent on the skills of the employees(s) to get the job done. This management is style is also common in professional and high technology small business. Paternalism This occurs where alternatives for employees are more limited, and the employer is less dependent on specific workers. E.g. farming Benevolent autocracy This is the most common situation in a small firm; the manager-owner is less dependent on the employee and able to exercise their influence from the position of power as an employer. Sweating This occurs in circumstance by which the employer exercises all the power and the employee none. These four examples of types of management control are not meant to be exhaustive; there are many variations on the theme. In some small firms two different modes of relationship can exist side by side. What emerge from looking at these types is that there is a highly varied pattern of management of people in small firms. 5.0 Business growth models Small businesses vary widely in size and capacity for growth. They are characterized by independence of action, differing organizational structures and varies management styles. As growth occurs managerial capacity constraint (Jensen and meckling, 1976) imply that existing behaviors are further reduced in frequency as new behaviors are adopted to manage the growing firm. As small businesses undergo these changes, a differentiating factor between successful and unsuccessful firms is that successful firms act in â€Å"anticipation of bigness† (Hambrick and Crozier 1985). Hence growth stage theories provide a measure of predictability regarding what to expect in anticipation of getting bigger. As newly formed business becomes established and grows its organization structures and pattern of management change. Longenecker et al (2000) points out that management in any organization must adapt to the growth and change, however they explain that changes involved in the early growth stages of a new business are much more extensive than those that occur with the growth of a relatively mature business. A number of experts have proposed models related to the growth stages of a business firms. These models typically describe four or five stages of growth and identify various management issues related to each stage. Some of these models are; 5.1 Churchill and Lewis growth model Churchill and Lewis suggest 5 growth stages of small business which each have its own management style. These stages are; Existence-this is the initial stage, where a business has an aim of staying alive, at this stage a business needs to find and maintain customers. Survival- at this stage a business, establish customer and produce position, viability, maintenance of cash flow. Success- this is stage where a business makes a choice between growth and consolidation. Take off-this is the growth. Maturity- a mature stage. This model provides the linkage of growth stages to management style, organizational structure, systems and overall strategy. See fig below Stage Management style Extent of formal system Major strategy Existence Direct supervision Minimal to non existent Existence Survival Supervised supervision Minimal Survival Success (growth) Delegation/coordination Basic, developing Maintaining profitable status quo; get resources for growth Take-off Divisional Mature Growth Mature Decentralization Extensive Return on investment Source: lecture notes, 2007 Moreover Scott and Bruce (1987) also presented changes in a firm which are associated with growth. These changes are presented in a form of stage models. They infer that the small firm moves from inception (stage 1) through to maturity (stage 5). Inception-this is the stage of generating profit gaining customers limited, gaining customers. Survival- at this stage a business experience over trading, uncontrolled growth. Growth- at this there is adequate resourcing, organizational structure develop, system and control. Expansion- there is financing growth, focusing externally on environment and At each of these stages the top management, the management style, and organization of structure change. The table below summarizes this application of this model. Growth stage Top management Management style Organizational structure Inception Direct supervision Entrepreneurial/individualistic Unstructured Survival Supervised/supervision Entrepreneurial/ administration Simple Growth Delegation/ condition Entrepreneurial/co ordination Functional centralized Expansion Decentralization Professional administrative Functional decentralized Maturity decentralization Watchdog Decentralized/functional product Source: (Storey, 2002.pg 121) In addition Greiner model (1972) sees also the relationship between management style and growth stage. He categorized the growth of a small business in five different phase stages, from phase 1 to phase 5 as explained below. Phase 1- involves growth through creativity and followed by crisis of leadership Phase 2-involves growth through direction followed by crisis of autonomy. Phase 3- involves growth through delegation and followed by crisis and o control Phase4-involves growth through coordination followed by crisis of red tape Phase 5- involves growth through collaboration and followed by crisis. 6.0 Is Mall Business Management Fundamentally Different To A Large Enterprise? Burns (2003) agree stating that â€Å"of course there are other characteristics of small business that may be added to the list: perhaps the most obvious is the severe limitation of resources faced by small firms both in terms of management and power as well as money. This statement highlights the qualitative and quantitative elements of small business that makes them fundamentally different to large business and not small scale. He points out that small business have many characteristics that set them apart from larger ventures. Personalized management-it is expected that the owner of a small company should always be involved material decision and take an active role on all aspects of the management. Since one person has much overwhelming control over decision. Managers deal with their staff in different ways, some are strict with their staff and like to be in complete control, whilst others are more relaxed and allow workers to the freedom to run their own working lives. Whatever approach is used it will be vital to the success of the business (Boddy, 2005). The organization is good as the person running it, hence he outline that there are three main categories of management styles which are; autocratic, paternalistic and democratic. Autocratic style of management (o authorial) managers likes to make all the important decision and closely supervise and control workers. Managers do not trust workers and simply gives orders (one way communication). Longenecker (reference) points that total management of an autocratic style and the use of informal control system often arise from the very real pressure of time in small business environment. Paternalistic management gives more attention to the social needs and views of their workers. Managers are interested in how happy the workers are in many ways, they consult employees over issues and give feedback or opinions. The manager will however make the actual decision. Democratic style of management will put trust in employees and encourage them to make decisions. They will delegate to them the authority to do this and listen to their advice. Small market share-they can not dictate price or influence heavily on the numbers of goods sold. Their buying power is reduced since they do not buy in large quantities they must buy at a more expensive price. Small businesses must therefore sell at a more expensive price and become less competitive. Customer loyalty-small businesses especially those occupying the niche market often become reliant on small but loyal customer base. Should they only lose one or two of these customers the business may fail. Finance –small business often find it difficult to raise finance to grow, and are very dependant on customer prompt payment in order to survive. Small businesses are often family owned enterprises, Kets de Vries (1993) outline the following advantages and disadvantages of family owned enterprises. Advantages Long term perspective Dependable culture that encourages long lasting relationship with all business partners Strong identification/commitment and stability Knowing the business Family culture as a source of pride. Disadvantages Static thinking Managerial difficulties when family objective are in conflict. Less acceptable capital market Nepotism Succession problems 7.0 Conclusion Managing a small business is different to managing in a large company. Entrepreneurs need total management to jungle their many responsibility in running a small firm. Premises are key resources that require decisions on locations, physical and environmental features and types of lease or purchase. other operations resources to be managed include materials and equipment. People are the key resources in most enterprises,many entrepreneurs feel inadequate to deal with the legal issues and conformity to employment laws that are required today. Hence four management control have been identified in small business firms. Although small firms are frequently managed by solo owners some high growth firms are manged by an entrepreneur team. 8.0 References Boddy, D., 2005. Management: An Introduction. Pearson Education Limited: England Bridge S, O’Neil K and Cromie S, 1998. Understanding enterprise, Entrepreneurship and Small business. MacMillan Press Ltd, London. Burns P, 2001. Entrepreneurship and Small business. Palgrave, New York. Deakins, D., 1996. Entrepreneurship and Small Firms. McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, London. Hanna Longenecker, J., Moore, C., and Petty, J., 2000. Small Business Management: An Entrepreneurial Emphasis. 11th Edition. South-Western College Publishing, USA Mullins, L., 2005. Management and Organisation Behaviour. Pearson Education Limited, England Saini, J.S., 1998. Entrepreneurship and Small Business. Rawat Publications, New Delhi Scarborough, M.N. and Zimmerer, W.T., 2003. Effective Small business management: An entrepreneurial Approach. 7th Edition. Pearson Education, Inc: New Jersey. Siropolis, N., 1998. Entrepreneurship and Small Business management. 6th Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, New York. Stokes, D. and Wilson, N., 2006. Small Business Management and Storey, D (2002), understanding small business sector , Thompson Learning, London http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_business Accessed on 29th October 2007. (http://www.delawarecountybrc.com/glossaryterms.htm Accessed on 29th October 2007.

Knowledge :: essays research papers

After an exhausting game of basketball on my Playstation two it was time to eat. As my search for food was coming to an end I came across a bag of potatoes. So using the cooking skills that I have acquired in my many years I decided to make french-fries. As I cut my potatoes I started to think about Michael Pollan’s essay â€Å"Playing God in the Garden†. This essay is about the creation of â€Å"genetically engineered† potatoes that produce their own insecticide right inside their leaves. I began to wonder if the potatoes on my plate were the same â€Å"New Leaf† potatoes that Pollan talked about. I started to change my mind about eating the fries that I had already melted cheese on but they looked to good to give to my roommate so I continued thinking while eating. The government does not require New Leaf potatoes to be labeled in stores so it must mean they feel it will have no harm on people. One of the many reasons that government exists is to look o ver the wealth fare of its citizens. Think of some of the things that a company must put on their products, labels on alcohol and cigarettes tell the dangers that come from using them, and all foods packages must have the ingredients printed on them. The government also sets up programs like family first to help people in need. Even in high school a person needs four years of gym. Peter Drucker touches this subject in his essay â€Å"The Age of Social Transformation† as he talks about a changing society. The government made the decision that using the knowledge that Monsanto found was the right thing to do for the farming industry. The best times will come when the knowledge that people have is used to enhance their lives.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What good is knowledge if it is not used? There is no point in learning new things if the only reason for learning them is to prove a point or to know more than someone else. Knowledge should be used and the New Leaf is just a potato that has had knowledge applied to it. The potato helps farmers because they no longer have to bathe their fields in harmful chemicals. Imagine living on a farm and someone offers a job that pays more, has fewer hours and is easier than farm work.